Introduction
Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) refers to the ethical obligation of businesses to contribute to economic development while improving the quality of life of employees, local communities, and society at large. It extends beyond profit-making and includes social and environmental responsibilities. CSR aims to balance corporate activities with societal well-being, sustainability, and ethical business conduct.
CSR has evolved over time, with increasing global recognition that corporations should not solely focus on maximizing shareholder profits but should also take responsibility for their impact on society and the environment. The concept is rooted in business ethics and corporate governance and is now legally mandated in several countries, including India.
Evolution of CSR in India
Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) in India has evolved over different phases, influenced by industrial, economic, and social developments.
1. Pre-Independence Era (Before 1947): During this period, CSR was primarily driven by philanthropy. Business houses like Tata, Birla, and Bajaj played a key role in funding education, healthcare, and social welfare. Their contributions included setting up schools, hospitals, and charitable trusts, reflecting their commitment to social good.
2. Post-Independence Era (1947-1990): After independence, India adopted a socialist economic model, with the government playing a dominant role in industrialization. CSR was largely influenced by government policies, focusing on employment generation, rural development, and poverty eradication.
3. Liberalization Era (1991-Present): Economic liberalization in 1991 led to globalization and privatization, increasing corporate competition and accountability. CSR became an integral part of corporate strategies, with businesses focusing on sustainable development, environmental protection, and community welfare.
4. Mandatory CSR under Companies Act, 2013: In 2013, India became the first country to legally mandate CSR under Section 135 of the Companies Act, 2013. Companies meeting financial thresholds are required to spend at least 2% of their average net profit on CSR activities, promoting structured corporate contributions to social development.
Legal Framework of CSR in India
The legal foundation of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) in India is primarily derived from Section 135 of the Companies Act, 2013 and the Companies (Corporate Social Responsibility Policy) Rules, 2014. This framework establishes mandatory CSR obligations for eligible companies and ensures that businesses contribute meaningfully to social and environmental causes.
Section 135 of the Companies Act, 2013
This section mandates CSR compliance for companies that meet certain financial criteria. The key provisions include:
1. Applicability:
A company is required to undertake CSR initiatives if it meets any one of the following criteria in a financial year:
● Net worth of ₹500 crore or more
● Turnover of ₹1000 crore or more
● Net profit of ₹5 crore or more
2. CSR Committee:
Companies falling under the CSR mandate must form a CSR Committee with at least three directors, including one independent director. The committee’s responsibilities include:
● Formulating a CSR policy specifying the company’s CSR focus areas.
● Recommending CSR activities and ensuring their effective implementation.
● Monitoring CSR expenditure and evaluating the impact of CSR projects.
3. CSR Expenditure:
● Companies must spend at least 2% of their average net profit (from the past three financial years) on CSR activities.
● If a company fails to spend the prescribed amount, it must provide a valid explanation in the Board’s Report.
● Any unspent CSR funds must be transferred to a government-specified fund, such as the PM CARES Fund, within six months of the financial year’s end.
4. CSR Policy:
● The company must draft a CSR Policy outlining its CSR objectives, selected focus areas, and implementation plans.
● This policy must be publicly disclosed on the company’s website.
The CSR framework ensures corporate accountability and encourages businesses to play a proactive role in addressing social and environmental issues. It makes India one of the first countries to legally mandate CSR, setting a global precedent for responsible corporate conduct.
CSR Activities Under Schedule VII of the Companies Act, 2013
Schedule VII of the Companies Act, 2013 outlines specific areas where companies can allocate their CSR funds. These activities focus on social welfare, environmental sustainability, and national development.
1. Eradicating Hunger, Poverty, and Malnutrition
Companies can contribute to food security and nutrition programs to support underprivileged communities.
Example: Mid-day meal schemes for school children, free food distribution programs for the homeless and marginalized groups.
2. Promoting Education
Education-focused CSR initiatives aim to improve literacy and skill development.
Example: Scholarships for underprivileged students, setting up digital literacy centers, funding schools in rural areas.
3. Healthcare and Sanitation
CSR funds can be used for medical facilities, disease prevention, and sanitation projects.
Example: Setting up hospitals, organizing vaccination drives, installing clean drinking water facilities.
4. Gender Equality and Women Empowerment
Empowering women through education, employment, and self-sufficiency programs.
Example: Vocational training programs for women, financial support for self-help groups, providing sanitary health products.
5. Environmental Sustainability
CSR projects promoting ecological balance and sustainable resource use.
Example: Tree plantation drives, investment in renewable energy, waste management initiatives.
6. Protection of National Heritage and Culture
Contributions to the preservation of India’s rich cultural and historical heritage.
Example: Restoration of heritage sites, funding museums, promoting traditional arts and crafts.
7. Promoting Rural Development Projects
Supporting infrastructure and livelihood development in rural areas.
Example: Rural electrification projects, constructing affordable housing, promoting organic farming.
8. Disaster Management
Providing relief and rehabilitation during natural disasters.
Example: Emergency relief efforts, rebuilding disaster-affected areas, medical aid for victims.
Amendments to CSR Provisions
Several amendments have been made to CSR provisions under the Companies Act, 2013 to ensure better compliance, transparency, and accountability in corporate social responsibility initiatives.
1. Companies (Amendment) Act, 2019:
● This amendment introduced stricter compliance requirements for unspent CSR funds.
● Unspent CSR funds must be transferred to a government-specified fund, such as the PM CARES Fund, within six months of the end of the financial year.
● This ensures that CSR funds are not misused or left unutilized.
2. Companies (CSR Policy) Amendment Rules, 2021:
● Employee Welfare Exclusion: Any CSR spending that directly benefits employees or their families will not be considered a valid CSR expenditure. This prevents companies from using CSR funds for internal benefits.
● Mandatory Impact Assessment: Companies with a CSR budget of ₹10 crore or more in the past three financial years must conduct an impact assessment of their CSR projects. This ensures that CSR initiatives lead to measurable social benefits.
Judicial Pronouncements on CSR
Several landmark judgments by the Supreme Court of India have shaped the understanding and implementation of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR). These cases highlight the accountability of companies in addressing environmental and social concerns.
1. Sterlite Industries Ltd. v. Union of India (2013)
● This case involved Sterlite Industries, which was accused of causing environmental damage due to its copper smelting plant in Tamil Nadu.
● The Supreme Court ordered Sterlite Industries to pay ₹100 crore as compensation for environmental degradation.
● The judgment reinforced the principle that companies must bear the social cost of their industrial activities. It highlighted that corporate accountability extends beyond financial performance to include environmental and social impact.
2. M.C. Mehta v. Union of India (1986)
● This landmark case played a crucial role in defining corporate liability for environmental pollution.
● The Supreme Court introduced the Polluter Pays Principle, which mandates that companies responsible for environmental damage must compensate affected communities.
● The judgment has since been used as a foundation for CSR policies that focus on environmental sustainability and corporate accountability.
3. TSR Subramanian v. Union of India (2013)
● This case emphasized the corporate duty to promote environmental sustainability.
● The Supreme Court observed that businesses must adopt sustainable practices and contribute to ecological conservation as part of their CSR initiatives.
● It reinforced the need for government oversight to ensure that companies comply with environmental regulations.
Challenges in CSR Implementation
Despite being legally mandated, CSR in India faces several challenges:
1. Lack of Awareness: Many small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) are unaware of CSR obligations.
2. Inadequate Implementation: Some companies treat CSR as a mere compliance obligation rather than a strategic initiative.
3. Lack of Monitoring and Accountability: Companies may divert CSR funds without proper tracking mechanisms.
4. Non-Alignment with Core Business Strategy: Many firms implement CSR as an ad-hoc activity rather than integrating it into their long-term strategy.
5. Difficulties in Measuring Impact: Assessing the impact of CSR initiatives remains a challenge due to the absence of a standardized measurement framework.
Global Perspective on CSR
Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is recognized worldwide, but different countries have adopted distinct approaches based on their legal, economic, and social frameworks.
1. United States:
● CSR is largely voluntary, but companies are encouraged to engage in social initiatives through tax incentives and reputational benefits.
● The Sarbanes-Oxley Act (2002) promotes corporate transparency and accountability, indirectly influencing CSR by requiring ethical financial practices.
2. United Kingdom:
● The UK Companies Act, 2006 encourages companies to disclose CSR initiatives in their annual reports.
● Large corporations are expected to adopt environmental and social responsibility measures but are not legally bound to spend on CSR.
3. European Union (EU):
● The EU CSR Strategy emphasizes responsible business conduct, sustainability, and human rights.
● The Non-Financial Reporting Directive (2014) requires large companies to disclose their CSR policies and environmental impact.
4. China:
● The Company Law of China mandates that listed companies must undertake social responsibilities, including environmental protection and labor welfare.
● China integrates CSR with its broader sustainability and development goals.
Unlike these nations, India stands out as one of the few countries where CSR is legally mandated, making it a pioneering model in global corporate governance.
Case Studies of CSR in India
1. Tata Group: Initiatives in education (Tata Trust), health (Tata Memorial Hospital), and water conservation.
2. Infosys Foundation: Engaged in rural development, healthcare, and digital literacy programs.
3. ITC e-Choupal: A digital initiative to improve farmers’ access to markets and technology.
4. Reliance Foundation: Focused on rural transformation, education, and disaster relief.
5. Mahindra’s Nanhi Kali Project: Supports girl child education in underprivileged areas.
Conclusion
CSR is a vital aspect of modern corporate governance, ensuring that businesses contribute positively to society. India’s legal framework under Section 135 of the Companies Act, 2013 has set a global benchmark in corporate responsibility. While CSR initiatives have yielded positive impacts, challenges remain in implementation, transparency, and impact measurement. Strengthening regulatory mechanisms and fostering a culture of ethical business practices will ensure that CSR contributes meaningfully to India’s social and economic development.
Reference
Taxmann’s Company Law and Practice
