INTRODUCTION
The Waqf (Amendment) Act, 2025 , is one of the most important pieces of legislation pertaining to religious trusts in India. It has set the stage for a comprehensive reform of the administration and control of Muslim charitable and religious endowments. Through legislative discussion, public demonstrations, and judicial challenges, the Act has sparked national conversations about religious freedom, minority rights, governmental authority, and constitutional balance.
Originally passed in 1995, the Waqf Act governs thousands of properties across India that fall under the Islamic system of waqf, which refers to contributions made for philanthropic or religious purposes. Mosques, cemeteries, madrassas, orphanages, and other establishments that are important to the Muslim community’s social and religious life are among them. In an effort to improve accountability, openness, and modernization in the administration of these properties, the 2025 Amendment is being marketed as a groundbreaking change.
The Act’s enactment has, nevertheless, also sparked a great deal of debate. Many believe that by introducing structural changes to the Waqf Board’s structure, allowing the state to interfere in important decisions, and perhaps infringing upon the Muslim community’s religious freedoms, it has overreached into controversial territory. Nationwide demonstrations have taken place, and the Supreme Court has received petitions challenging the Act’s validity.
This blog intends to provide a comprehensive analysis of the Waqf (Amendment) Act, 2025, including its definition, its intended modifications, its acceptance, and its current status with regard to the management of waqf lands in India.
UNDERSTANDING THE WAQF (AMENDMENT) ACT, 2025
The Waqf system, which is based on Islamic law, is an essential component of the Muslim community’s religious, philanthropic, and educational activities in India. Muslim law recognizes a waqf as an irrevocable commitment of movable or immovable property to religious, pious, or charitable purposes. Islamic law defines a waqf as an ongoing charitable bequest, usually made for the benefit of the public or religious organizations. When the property is declared waqf, it is permanently dedicated to God and cannot be inherited, sold, or given as a gift. The Waqf Act of 1995 established Central and State Waqf Boards to oversee and manage waqf properties in India. The Waqf Act, 1995, governs the administration and management of such properties. The Act established the governance process, registration requirements, and structure for waqf properties. The administration of the majority of waqf boards has been plagued by widespread mismanagement, corruption, encroachment, and a lack of accountability. It has undergone multiple revisions over time to address evolving issues with administration, abuse, and transparency.
The Union Government attempts to address these long-standing issues through the Waqf (Amendment) Act, 2025. The Act was officially notified on April 8 and went into effect immediately after being approved by both houses of Parliament and receiving presidential assent on April 5, 2025. The Ministry of Minority Affairs proposed the 2025 amendment with the legislative goals of enforcing stricter transparency procedures, promoting better dispute settlement, and aligning waqf property administration with modern governance norms. However, the step has not been without its detractors. Nationwide, the amendment has sparked demonstrations, court cases, and public discussion, particularly among Muslim stakeholders who believe the Act violates their right to religious freedom. The key objectives of the amendment are:
- • To implement structural changes to ensure the effective and open administration of waqf properties.
• To provide a standardized and updated governance structure for waqf boards.
• To strengthen government monitoring to stop unlawful encroachments and transfers.
• To improve inclusion in decision-making by altering the structure of the board.
MAJOR CHANGES INTRODUCED BY THE 2025 AMENDMENT
The major changes include:
1. Non-Muslim Members’ Inclusion on Waqf Boards- The 2025 Amendment’s provision allowing non-Muslims to serve on waqf boards and waqf courts is arguably its most discussed and controversial provision. The administration argues that this will reduce corruption and enhance governance. This, according to critics, compromises the religious character of waqf organizations.
2. Increased Authority of the Government- The amendment gives the central government more authority to abolish or supersede Waqf Boards in specific situations. Fears of centralization and overreaching executive control over religious institutions have arisen as a result.
3. Auditing and Digitization Standards- Waqf properties would be subject to stricter yearly audit standards and be recorded and maintained in a centralized electronic database. Despite being a step in the right direction, there are worries that this initiative might disenfranchise historical waqfs with inadequate documentation.
4. Dispute Settlement and Adjudication- The amendment gives the Central Waqf Council the authority to intervene in cases involving disagreements over who owns waqf property or poor administration. Altering the selection process also limits the autonomy of Waqf Tribunals while expanding their jurisdiction.
5. Prohibition of Reclassification- A property cannot be changed or reclassified once it has been inferred as waqf without the government’s prior approval. In cases of fraudulent or dishonest waqf declarations, this can prevent land reclamation; however, critics anticipate further state involvement.
EFFECT ON WAQF PROPERTIES AND THE FUTURE OF RELIGIOUS LAND MANAGEMENT IN INDIA
Waqf properties in India cover over 6 lakh acres and are valued at several lakh crores of rupees, making them one of the largest portfolios of religious and charitable land holdings in India. These properties support schools, orphanages, hospitals, and mosques.
The 2025 amendment results in a shift in paradigm for the management of these properties. With improved mechanisms of audit, the Act may well curb corruption and ensure professional management. Through the requirement for digitization, the government wants to bring transparency to property records, enabling greater public access and minimizing disputes. But this is also accompanied by issues.
For centuries, waqf properties have been controlled by local mutawallis (trustees) and regulated by community-based religious trusts. Critics contend that the imposition of external government control and non-Muslim representation on waqf boards can undermine the religious nature of waqf institutions. The apprehension is not only about bureaucratization, but also secular dilution.
There is also concern that allowing the government to step in to resolve disputes of ownership and reclassification may create a precedent for waqf land to be redeveloped for development, infrastructure, or commercial purposes. This could particularly impact urban waqf land in Delhi, Mumbai, Hyderabad, and Bengaluru. The Act also fails to adequately differentiate between efficiently run waqf institutions and encroached or mismanaged ones. The blanket approach has the potential to destroy working systems in the name of reform.
Additionally, increased compliance regulations can isolate waqfs in rural or underdeveloped regions where record-keeping has traditionally been poor. In the future, waqf governance may develop in two different directions:
1. Institutional Modernization: Digital record-keeping, transparent audits, and professional trusteeship.
2. Religious Disempowerment: Alienation of control from indigenous community, loss of autonomy, and centralization. Thus, although the amendments provide belated regulatory improvements, they have to be introduced with respect for religious freedoms and minority protections contained in the Constitution.
PUBLIC RESPONSE AND POLITICAL REACTIONS
The Waqf (Amendment) Act, 2025 has provoked mass public protests and political condemnation. Thousands have marched in cities such as Bengaluru, Kolkata, and Hyderabad carrying placards that read “Hands off our waqf” and “Save our faith”. In Murshidabad, protests turned violent, and arrests and injuries were reported, with Section 144 enforced. The central concern expressed by demonstrators is that the Act erodes religious self-determination and minority rights. The shutdowns of the internet and arrest of demonstrators have only intensified grievance.
The opposition bloc has taken political advantage of the situation. The DMK, IUML, and AIMIM have condemned the law as an attack on constitutional values. The DMK has already moved a petition in the Supreme Court, alleging violation of Articles 25 and 26 of the Indian Constitution.
In Parliament, the Bill passed the Rajya Sabha by a narrow margin, reflecting the divide. The critics even alleged that the government passed the law without consulting legal experts, waqf scholars, or community leaders. Interestingly, there is internal division within the Muslim community itself. Some scholars and administrators have welcomed the move, stating that state support is needed to eliminate inefficiency and corruption. Others caution that oversight must not turn into overreach.
Media analysis and social media opinions such as #StopWaqfAmendment and #WaqfRights have ensured that the debate continues to go on. Editorials have panned the failure to ensure openness in the draft process and to put out the draft bill for public consultation. Evidently, the public reaction is a symptom of deeper concerns regarding secularism, state authority, and religious freedom. The Act has transcended being an amendment to a law; it is now a symbolic arena for the future of India’s diversity.
CONSTITUTIONAL REVIEW AND JUDICIAL BARRIERS
The Supreme Court of India is currently considering a number of legal challenges to the Waqf (Amendment) Act, 2025, following its passing. Notable petitions have been filed by:
1. DMK v. Union of India
This landmark petition, submitted by the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK), questions the constitutionality of the Waqf (Amendment) Act, 2025. The Act, according to the DMK, violates Articles 25 and 26 of the Constitution, which provide religious freedom and the authority to manage religious matters. It contends that the Act effectively weakens the authority of religious minority by allowing state intervention and regulation, particularly the inclusion of non-Muslim members on Waqf Boards and increased government power to reclassify waqf lands. The implementation of compliance standards retroactively has also drawn criticism from the petition, which claims that it is “manifestly arbitrary” and violates Article 14’s guarantees of equality before the law. Since the lawsuit is expected to establish a precedent on the boundaries of allowable state authority over religious endowments, it is still pending and has garnered national interest.
2. Zia Ur Rehman v. Union of India
Samajwadi Party MP Zia Ur Rehman filed a public interest litigation independently arguing that the Waqf (Amendment) Act, 2025 was enacted in violation of the principle of procedural fairness for lacking proper consultation with stakeholders within the Muslim community. He further objected to the constitutional basis of Section 4A under the Amendment that gives powers to the government to examine waqf status and property ownership. He argues that such a provision allows for prospective re-appropriation of waqf land for infrastructural or commercial use in the name of “public interest.” The petitioner also faults a lack of a judicial or quasi-judicial process to consider waqf status orders, contending that such executive authority eliminates the separation of powers and requirements of due process. The petition prays for a stay on implementation of the Act subject to review by the Constitution.
CONCLUSION
One of the most significant legislative improvements to religious endowment governance in India in recent years is the Waqf (Amendment) Act, 2025. The Act attempts to address the long-standing problems of corruption, poor record-keeping, and administrative inefficiency that plague waqf organizations. It is presented as a move towards openness, accountability, and modernization. However, its broad goal and expanded state powers have led to widespread tension, particularly among Muslims, that religious autonomy will be undermined and constitutional rights will be violated. In a multicultural democracy like India, the complex relationship between law, religion, the state, and minority rights are highlighted by the widespread protests, court rulings, and legislative discussions that followed the Amendment.
As the judiciary considers whether some of the provisions in the new Act are constitutional, the waqf administration’s future is in jeopardy. A reform initiative of this magnitude should guarantee pluralism, secularism, and democratic decision-making in addition to administrative effectiveness. Any legal reform must be founded on dialogue, inclusivity, and respect for the community’s cultural and religious sentiments in order to be legitimate. In addition to determining the future of the Waqf (Amendment) Act, 2025, the upcoming months will be crucial for reaffirming the principles ingrained in India’s constitution.
