INTRODUCTION

Offences against the public tranquillity refer to acts that disrupt the peace, safety, and order of a community or society. These offences are considered serious because they can lead to widespread fear, chaos, and harm, undermining the stability and security of the public. Such offences include riots, unlawful assemblies, affrays, and other forms of public disorder. The legal framework for addressing these offences is designed to maintain public order and protect citizens from the negative impacts of collective disturbances. By defining and penalizing these actions, laws aim to deter individuals and groups from engaging in behavior that threatens the communal harmony and safety.

Section 189 : Unlawful Assembly

1. Definition of an Unlawful Assembly (Sub-section 1):

An assembly of five or more persons is considered “unlawful” if the common objective of the group includes any of the following:

• (a) Overawe (intimidate) by using or threatening criminal force against the government, Parliament, state legislatures, or public servants in the exercise of their lawful duties.
• (b) Resist the execution of any law or legal process.
• (c) Commit mischief, criminal trespass, or any other offense.
• (d) Use or threaten criminal force to take possession of property or deprive someone of their rights, such as the use of a road, water, or other incorporeal rights.
• (e) Compel someone, by criminal force or threat of it, to do something they are not legally required to do or prevent them from doing something they are legally entitled to do.

Explanation: An initially lawful assembly can turn unlawful if the objectives of the assembly change to include any of the actions mentioned above.

2. Membership in an Unlawful Assembly (Sub-section 2):

Anyone who, knowing the facts that make an assembly unlawful, intentionally joins or continues to participate in that assembly is considered a member of the unlawful assembly. Punishment for this is imprisonment for up to six months, a fine, or both.

3. Participation in an Unlawful Assembly after Orders to Disperse (Sub-section 3):

If someone continues in an unlawful assembly even after being legally commanded to disperse, they can face imprisonment for up to two years, a fine, or both.

4. Participation While Armed (Sub-section 4):

A person who participates in an unlawful assembly while armed with a deadly weapon, or any object that could cause death if used as a weapon, is liable for imprisonment for up to two years, a fine, or both.

5. Likelihood to Cause Disturbance (Sub-section 5):

Anyone who joins or continues in an assembly of five or more people that is likely to disturb public peace, after being commanded to disperse, is punishable with imprisonment for up to six months, a fine, or both.

Explanation: If the assembly meets the definition of an unlawful assembly (from sub-section 1), the participant will face punishment under sub-section 3.

6. Hiring or Promoting Participation in an Unlawful Assembly (Sub-section 6):

Anyone who hires, engages, or encourages others to join an unlawful assembly will be punished the same way as a member of the unlawful assembly, including any crimes committed by that assembly.

7. Harboring or Receiving Persons Involved in an Unlawful Assembly (Sub-section 7):

Anyone who harbors or gathers individuals in their premises, knowing that those persons have been hired or engaged to join an unlawful assembly, faces imprisonment for up to six months, a fine, or both.

8. Engagement or Hiring for Unlawful Assembly (Sub-section 8):

Anyone who is hired or offers to be hired to engage in any of the actions listed in sub-section 1 faces imprisonment for up to six months, a fine, or both.

9. Armed Engagement or Hiring for Unlawful Assembly (Sub-section 9):

Anyone who, after being hired to join an unlawful assembly, goes armed or offers to go armed with a deadly weapon (or something likely to cause death if used as a weapon) is subject to imprisonment for up to two years, a fine, or both.

Thus,This legal provision defines an unlawful assembly as any gathering of five or more people that aims to intimidate the government or public servants, resist law enforcement, commit crimes, or enforce illegal claims or rights by using or threatening force. It also establishes penalties for those who participate in, promote, or assist in such assemblies, with increased penalties for those involved while armed or after lawful orders to disperse.

  “Sankaranarayanan v. State of Kerala” (2004): This case examined the definition of “unlawful assembly” under Section 189. The Supreme Court emphasized that an assembly becomes unlawful when its members have a common object to commit an illegal act or to use force against others.

  “State of Uttar Pradesh v. Rajesh Gautam” (1997): The Supreme Court clarified that for an assembly to be deemed unlawful under Section 189, it must be shown that the assembly’s objective was to achieve something unlawful or violent.

Section 190 : Every member of unlawful assembly guilty of offence committed in prosecution of common object

When an offense is committed by any member of an unlawful assembly while pursuing the common object of that assembly, or when the members knew that such an offense was likely to be committed in pursuit of that common object, every member of the assembly at the time of the offense is held responsible for the offense.

KEY APECTS

1. Common Object of the Assembly:
   • The term “common object” refers to the shared goal or purpose for which the unlawful assembly has gathered. If this goal involves committing a crime, or if it’s likely that a crime will be committed while pursuing this goal, all members can be held liable.
2. Knowledge of the Likely Commission of an Offense:
   • Even if an offense wasn’t explicitly planned by every member, if the nature of the assembly or its objective makes it likely that a crime would be committed (for example, violence during a protest), all members of the assembly are assumed to have foreseen this possibility.

Illustration : If a group of people forms an unlawful assembly with the common object of breaking into a building and one member of the group commits theft or damages property during this, all members of the assembly present at the time will be held guilty of that crime, whether or not they personally participated in the specific act.

Section 191 : Rioting

This provision outlines the offense of rioting and its consequences. Here’s a simplified breakdown:

1. When Rioting Occurs:

• Rioting happens when an unlawful assembly (a group of five or more people with a common illegal objective) or any member of that group uses force or violence in pursuit of their common goal.
• In this case, every person in that group is considered guilty of rioting, even if they didn’t personally use violence, as long as they are part of the group.

2. Punishment for Rioting:

• If someone is found guilty of rioting, they can be punished with imprisonment of up to two years, a fine, or both. This applies to all members of the unlawful assembly involved in the act of rioting.

3. Rioting with Deadly Weapons:

• If someone is guilty of rioting while armed with a deadly weapon (something that could cause death if used as a weapon), they face a harsher punishment. The punishment for rioting while armed can be imprisonment of up to five years, a fine, or both.

  Sanjay Dutt v. State of Maharashtra (1994): This case involved the actor Sanjay Dutt’s conviction under various sections of the BNS, including rioting. The Supreme Court confirmed that rioting includes the use of force or violence, and the accused’s intent and actions were scrutinized to determine the nature of the offence.

Section 194 : Affray

It refers to a situation where two or more persons engage in a fight in a public place, thereby causing a disturbance to public peace. Here’s a breakdown:

(1) When two or more persons, by fighting in a public place, disturb the public peace, they are said to commit an affray.

This means:

• Two or more persons: It must involve at least two individuals.
• Fighting: The individuals must be involved in some form of physical altercation or brawl.
• Public place: The fight must occur in a location accessible to the public (e.g., a street, market, park, etc.).
• Disturb the public peace: Their fight causes a disturbance to the normal peace and order in the area, making it an offense.

(2) Whoever commits an affray, shall be punished with imprisonment of either description for a term which may extend to one month, or with fine which may extend to one thousand rupees, or with both.

This refers to the punishment for committing affray:

• Imprisonment: The individual(s) involved can be imprisoned for a period that may extend to one month.
• Fine: Alternatively, a fine of up to one thousand rupees can be imposed.
• Both: In some cases, the offender may receive both imprisonment and a fine.

ILLUSTRATION:

Suppose two individuals, A and B, get into a heated argument at a busy market. The argument escalates into a physical fight, with both of them punching and pushing each other. Because this altercation is happening in a public place and people around them are disturbed by the commotion, A and B can be charged with affray. The police might arrest them, and they could face either a month in jail, a fine of up to ₹1000, or both, depending on the court’s judgment.

 

197. Imputations, assertions prejudicial to national integration.

The provision addresses offenses related to disseminating harmful or misleading information that targets individuals or groups based on their religion, race, language, region, caste, or community.

Types of Harmful Actions:

• False Imputation: Making statements that falsely suggest that a particular group of people cannot support India’s Constitution or its unity.
• Denial of Rights: Claiming that a group should be denied or deprived of their rights as citizens of India based on their group identity.
• Incitement of Hatred: Making statements or appeals that are likely to cause hostility, enmity, or ill-will between different groups based on their group identity.
• False or Misleading Information: Spreading false or misleading information that threatens India’s sovereignty, unity, or security.

2. Punishments:
   • General Punishment: Those found guilty of these offenses can be punished with imprisonment for up to three years, a fine, or both.
   • In Places of Worship: If the offense occurs in a place of worship or during religious ceremonies, the punishment is harsher, with imprisonment of up to five years and a fine.

 

CONCLUSION

In conclusion, offences against the public tranquillity are critical concerns for any society, as they threaten the peace, security, and order that are essential for communal well-being. Legal measures addressing these offences play a crucial role in maintaining societal stability by deterring disruptive behaviors and ensuring that individuals and groups are held accountable for actions that disturb public order. By effectively managing and penalizing such offences, societies can foster an environment of safety and harmony, allowing citizens to live and interact without fear of disorder and violence. Maintaining public tranquillity is thus fundamental to the overall health and functioning of a community.