Submitted by kanish Malhotra
Fraudulent deeds
IPC provides us the laws related to fraudulent deeds and disposition of property under section 421- 424. These sections protects the creditors affected as well as the interests of the person affected and includes other people other than creditors.
Section 421 –
This talks about the dishonest or fraudulent removal or concealment of property to prevent distribution among citizens-
421 Dishonest or deceitful removal or concealment of property to stop distribution among creditors— Whoever deceitfully or fraudulently removes, conceals or delivers to any individual, or transfers or causes to be transferred to any individual, while not adequate thought, any property, intending thereby to stop, or knowing it to be seemingly that he can thereby stop, the distribution of that property consistent with law among his creditors or the creditors of the other person, shall be chastised with imprisonment of either description for a term which can touch 2 years, or with fine, or with both”
Essentials
The following are the necessities of this offence-
“Any property” is either- “Removed” , Concealed ,“Delivered to any person”, d. “Transferred to any person”, “Caused to be transferred to somebody with none adequate consideration”
It should be through with “dishonestly or fraudulently” by the defendant
The defendant should be- a. “Intending to prevent” or; b. “Knowing it to be possible that he can thereby stop the distribution of property”
Such “distribution of property in line with the law should be among his creditors or the creditors of the other person”.
This is a non-cognizable offence, that may be a bailable and compoundable offence similarly. This offence is compoundable solely at the need of the someone WHO is affected thereby because of the commission of this offence.
“422 venally or fraudulently preventing debt being obtainable for creditors—
Whoever venally or fraudulently prevents any debt or demand because of himself or to different|the other} person from being created obtainable in line with law for payment of his debts or the debts of such other person, shall be chastised with imprisonment of either description for a term which can reach 2 years, or with fine, or with both”
Essentials
The following are the essence of this offence-
The defendant should “prevent”- a. “any debt” due or; b. “demand because of himself or to the other person”
The defendant should stop it “from being created obtainable according to law for payment of his debts or the debts of such different person”
Such interference should be done “dishonestly” or “fraudulently”.
This offence is non-cognizable and bailable. This offence is compoundable at the need of the credit WHO is thereby affected because of the commission of this offence.
III. Dishonest or deceitful Execution of Deed of Transfer Containing falsity of Consideration:
“423 Dishonest or deceitful execution of deed of transfer containing falsity of consideration— Whoever venally or fraudulently signs, executes or becomes a celebration to any deed or instrument that purports to transfer or subject to any charge any property, or any interest in this, and that contains any falsity relating transfer or subject to any charge any property or interest therein”
To that defendant should “dishonestly” or “fraudulently”- a. “Sign” or; b. “Execute” or; c. “Become party”;
It shall “contain any false statement”- a. “Relating to the thought for such transfer or charge or”; b. “Relating to the person or persons for whose use or profit it’s extremely meant to operate”.
This offence is non-cognizable and bailable. This becomes compoundable once the person affected thereby because of the commission of this offence agrees for constant.
IV. Dishonest Or deceitful Removal Or Concealment Of Property
“424 Dishonest or deceitful removal or concealment of property— Whoever venally or fraudulently conceals or removes any property of himself or the other person, or venally or fraudulently assists within the concealment or removal thence, or venally releases any demand or claim to that he’s entitled, shall be chastised with imprisonment of either description for a term which can reach 2 years, or with fine, or with both”
Essentials
A person may be created answerable for this offence-
A person may be created answerable for this offence-
If the defendant “dishonestly or fraudulently”- a. “Conceals” or; b. “Removes any property of himself or the other person” or;
If the defendant “dishonestly or fraudulently assists” in the- a. “Concealment” or; b. “Removal thereof” or;
If the defendant “dishonestly releases”- a. “Any demand” or; b. “Any claim to that he’s entitled”.
This offence is non-cognizable and bailable. This offence is compoundable only if the person or person affected thereby because of the commission of this offence agrees for constant.
Offences of mischief
What is Mischief?
Under section 425 of Indian penal code,Whoever with intent to cause, or knowing that he’s doubtless to cause, wrongful loss or harm to the general public or to someone, causes the destruction of any property, or any such modification in any property or within the scenario therefrom as destroys or diminishes its price or utility, or affects it injuriously, commits “mischief”.
426. penalty for mischief.
Whoever commits mischief shall be fined with imprisonment of either description for a term which can reach 3 months, or with fine, or with each.
Punishment—Imprisonment for three months, or fine, or both—Non-cognizable— Bailable—Triable by any Magistrate—Compoundable by the person to whom the loss or harm is caused.
427. Mischief inflicting harm to the quantity of fifty rupees.
Whoever commits mischief and thereby causes loss or harm to the quantity of fifty rupees or upwards, shall be fined with imprisonment of either description for a term which can reach 2 years, or with fine, or with each.
Punishment—Imprisonment for two years, or fine, or both—Non-cognizable— Bailable—Triable by any Magistrate—Compoundable by the person to whom the loss or harm is caused.
428. Mischief by killing or maiming animal of the worth of 10 rupees.
Whoever commits mischief by killing, poisoning, maiming or rendering useless any animal or animals of the worth of 10 rupees or upwards, shall be fined with imprisonment of either description for a term which can reach 2 years, or with fine, or with each.
Punishment—Imprisonment for two years, or fine, or both—Cognizable—Bailable— Triable by any Magistrate—Compoundable by the owner of the animal with the permission of the court.
429. Mischief by killing or maiming kine, etc., of any price or any animal of the worth of fifty rupees.
Whoever commits mischief by killing, poisoning, maiming or rendering useless, any elephant, camel, horse, mule, buffalo, bull, cow or ox, no matter is also the worth therefrom, or the other animal of the worth of fifty rupees or upwards, shall be fined with imprisonment of either description for a term which can reach 5 years, or with fine, or with each.
Punishment—Imprisonment for five years, or fine, or both—Cognizable—Bailable— Triable by any official of the primary class—Compoundable by the owner of the kine or animal with the permission of the court.
430. Mischief by injury to works of irrigation or by de jure amusive water.
Whoever commits mischief by doing any act that causes, or that he is aware of to be doubtless to cause, a diminution of the provision of water for agricultural functions, or for food or drink for kith and kin or for animals that area unit property, or for cleanliness or for carrying on any manufacture, shall be fined with imprisonment of either description for a term which can reach 5 years, or with fine, or with each.
Punishment—Imprisonment for five years, or fine, or both—Cognizable—Bailable— Triable by official of the primary class—Compoundable by the person to whom the loss or harm is caused with the permission of the court.
431. Mischief by injury to public road, bridge, watercourse or channel.
Whoever commits mischief by doing any act that renders or that he is aware of to be doubtless to render any public road, bridge, passable watercourse or passable channel, natural or artificial, unpassable or less safe for movement or transfer property, shall be fined with imprisonment of either description for a term which can reach 5 years, or with fine, or with each.
Punishment—Imprisonment for five years, or fine, or both—Cognizable—Bailable— Triable by official of the primary class—Non-compoundable.
432. Mischief by inflicting inundation or obstruction to public emptying attended with harm.
Whoever commits mischief by doing Associate in Nursingy act that causes or that he is aware of to be doubtless to cause Associate in Nursing inundation or an obstruction to any public emptying attended with injury or harm, shall be fined with imprisonment of either description for a term which can reach 5 years, or with fine, or with each.
Punishment—Imprisonment for five years, or fine, or both—Cognizable—Bailable— Triable by official of the primary class—Non-compoundable.
433. Mischief by destroying, moving or rendering less helpful a light-house or sea-mark.
Whoever commits mischief by destroying or moving any lightweight-house or alternative light used as a sea-mark or any sea-mark or buoy or alternative issue placed as a guide for navigators, or by any act that renders any such light-house, sea-mark, buoy or alternative such issue as said less helpful as a guide for navigators, shall be fined with imprisonment of either description for a term which can reach seven years, or with fine, or with each.
Punishment—Imprisonment for seven years, or fine, or both—Cognizable—Bailable— Triable by official of the primary class—Non-compoundable.
434. Mischief by destroying or moving, etc., a land-mark mounted by public authority.
Whoever commits mischief by destroying or moving any land-mark mounted by the authority of a employee, or by any act that renders such land-mark less helpful intrinsically, shall be fined with imprisonment of either description for a term which can reach one year, or with fine, or
Punishment—Imprisonment for one year, or fine, or both—Non-cognizable— Bailable—Triable by any Magistrate—Non-compoundable
435. Mischief by hearth or explosive substance with intent to cause harm to quantity of 1 hundred or (in case of agricultural produce) 10 rupees.
Whoever commits mischief by hearth or any explosive substance assuming to cause, or knowing it to be doubtless that he can thereby cause, harm to any property to the quantity of 1 hundred rupees or upwards or (where the property is agricultural produce) 10 rupees or upwards, shall be fined with imprisonment of either description for a term which can reach seven years, and shall even be at risk of fine.
Punishment—Imprisonment for seven years and fine—Cognizable—Bailable—Triable by official of the primary class—Non-compoundable.
436. Mischief by hearth or explosive substance with intent to destroy house, etc.
Whoever commits mischief by hearth or any explosive substance, assuming to cause, or knowing it to be doubtless that he can thereby cause, the destruction of any building that is commonly used as an area of worship or as an individual’s housing or as an area for the custody of property, shall be fined with imprisonment for keeps, or with imprisonment of either description for a term which can reach 10 years, and shall even be at risk of fine.
Punishment—Imprisonment for keeps, or imprisonment for ten years and fine— Cognizable—Non-bailable—Triable by Court of Session—Non-compoundable
437. Mischief with intent to destroy or create unsafe a adorned vessel or one among twenty tons burden.
Whoever commits mischief to any adorned vessel or any vessel of a burden of twenty tons or upwards, assuming to destroy or render unsafe, or knowing it to be doubtless that he can thereby destroy or render unsafe, that vessel, shall be fined with imprisonment of either description for a term which can reach 10 years, and shall even be at risk of fine.
Punishment—Imprisonment for ten years and fine—Cognizable—Non-bailable— Triable by Court of Session—Non-compoundable.
438. penalty for the mischief delineated in section 437 committed by hearth or explosive substance.
Whoever commits, or tries to commit, by hearth or any explosive substance, such mischief as is delineated within the last preceding section, shall be fined with imprisonment for keeps, or with imprisonment of either description for a term which can reach 10 years, and shall even be at risk of fine.
Punishment—Imprisonment for keeps, or imprisonment for ten years and fine— Cognizable—Non-bailable—Triable by Court of Session—Non-compoundable.
439. penalty for by design running vessel stranded or toward land with intent to commit felony, etc.
Whoever by design runs any vessel stranded or toward land, assuming to commit felony of any property contained in this or to deceitfully embezzle any such property, or with intent that such felony or misappropriation of property is also committed, shall be fined with imprisonment of either description for a term which can reach 10 years, and shall even be at risk of fine.
Punishment—Imprisonment for ten years and fine—Cognizable—Non-bailable— Triable by Court of Session—Non-compoundable.
440. Mischief committed when preparation created for inflicting death or hurt.
Whoever commits mischief, having created preparation for inflicting to someone death, or hurt, or wrongful restraint, or concern of death, or of hurt, or of wrongful restraint, shall be fined with imprisonment of either description for a term which can reach 5 years, and shall even be at risk of fine.
Punishment—Imprisonment for five years and fine—Cognizable—Bailable—Triable by official of the primary class—Non-compoundable.
