Corporate Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (CIBC) and Its Impact
Introduction
The Corporate Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (CIBC) was introduced in 2016 to consolidate and amend the laws relating to insolvency resolution of corporate entities in India. The legislation was enacted with the objective of facilitating time-bound resolution of insolvency and bankruptcy, ensuring maximization of the value of assets, and promoting entrepreneurship. The CIBC is structured to protect the interests of creditors while also providing an opportunity for resolution and restructuring of businesses in financial distress.
The enactment of the CIBC replaced several outdated laws, including the Sick Industrial Companies (Special Provisions) Act, 1985 (SICA), and the Recovery of Debts Due to Banks and Financial Institutions Act, 1993 (RDDBFI Act). The code provides for a uniform and efficient insolvency resolution framework under the purview of the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Board of India (IBBI).
Key Provisions of the Corporate Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (CIBC)
The Corporate Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (CIBC), 2016 is a comprehensive legislation governing insolvency and bankruptcy proceedings for corporate entities, individuals, and partnership firms in India. The Code aims to provide a time-bound resolution process, maximize the value of assets, and improve the credit ecosystem. The following sections elaborate on the most significant provisions related to the Corporate Insolvency Resolution Process (CIRP) under the CIBC.
1. Initiation of Corporate Insolvency Resolution Process (CIRP) (Sections 6-12)
The CIRP is triggered when a corporate debtor defaults on a debt amounting to Rs. 1 crore or more (previously Rs. 1 lakh, but increased in 2020). The process can be initiated by:
• Financial creditors (Section 7): A financial creditor (such as a bank or financial institution) can file an application before the National Company Law Tribunal (NCLT), providing evidence of default. If satisfied, the NCLT admits the application and appoints an Interim Resolution Professional (IRP).
• Operational creditors (Section 9): An operational creditor (such as a supplier or service provider) must first send a demand notice to the corporate debtor. If the debt remains unpaid, the creditor can approach the NCLT for CIRP initiation.
• Corporate debtor itself (Section 10): A financially distressed company can voluntarily apply for insolvency resolution by filing an application before the NCLT.
Once the application is admitted, the CIRP officially begins, and an Interim Resolution Professional (IRP) is appointed to take control of the corporate debtor’s affairs.
2. Moratorium Period (Section 14)
The moratorium is one of the most crucial provisions under the CIBC. It comes into effect immediately upon initiation of the CIRP and remains in force until the process is completed (or liquidation is ordered). The moratorium period protects the corporate debtor by suspending the following:
• Institution of any new legal proceedings against the corporate debtor.
• Transfer of assets by the corporate debtor.
• Foreclosure, recovery, or enforcement of any security interest created by the corporate debtor.
• Termination of essential contracts that are necessary for the company’s survival.
The moratorium period ensures that the debtor gets breathing space to restructure or resolve its financial difficulties without creditor interference.
3. Resolution Professional and Committee of Creditors (Sections 16-21)
Upon admission of insolvency, an Insolvency Professional (IP) is appointed as the Interim Resolution Professional (IRP) to take over management of the corporate debtor. The IRP is responsible for:
• Taking control of the company’s operations and managing the debtor’s assets.
• Collating claims from all creditors and verifying them.
• Constituting the Committee of Creditors (CoC), which includes all financial creditors.
The Committee of Creditors (CoC) plays a pivotal role in the insolvency resolution process. It has the authority to approve or reject resolution plans and must vote on key decisions related to the debtor. The CoC functions based on voting rights proportional to the debt owed to each creditor.
4. Resolution Plan (Sections 30-31)
A resolution plan is submitted by an eligible resolution applicant (such as an investor, another company, or a financial institution) interested in reviving the distressed company. The key features of the resolution plan process include:
• The plan must be approved by at least 66% of the creditors (by voting share) in the CoC.
• The plan must provide a strategy for settling debts and ensuring the corporate debtor’s revival.
• Once approved by the CoC, the resolution plan is submitted to the NCLT for final approval.
• Once sanctioned by the NCLT, the plan becomes binding on all stakeholders, including creditors, employees, and promoters.
If no resolution plan is approved within 180 days (extendable by 90 days), the company moves into liquidation.
5. Liquidation Process (Sections 33-54)
If the CIRP fails (i.e., no resolution plan is approved within the stipulated time), the corporate debtor is sent into liquidation. In this stage:
• A Liquidator is appointed (usually the Resolution Professional).
• The Liquidator sells the assets of the corporate debtor to recover dues.
• The proceeds from liquidation are distributed as per the priority order (waterfall mechanism) under Section 53.
Waterfall Mechanism (Section 53): Order of Priority for Debt Repayment
1. Insolvency resolution costs and liquidation expenses (e.g., professional fees of insolvency professionals, legal costs).
2. Secured creditors and workmen’s dues (e.g., loans taken with collateral security, employee wages).
3. Unsecured creditors (e.g., vendors, suppliers, lenders without collateral).
4. Government dues (e.g., pending taxes and statutory obligations).
5. Equity shareholders and residual stakeholders (shareholders get paid only if any surplus remains).
The objective of liquidation is to maximize asset value and distribute proceeds equitably among creditors.
Impact of the Corporate Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (CIBC)
1. Reduction in Resolution Time
Before the CIBC, insolvency proceedings in India were highly inefficient and took years to conclude. The CIBC has significantly reduced the average time for insolvency resolution. As per IBBI data, the average time for completing CIRP has improved to approximately 330 days, including litigation delays.
2. Enhanced Recovery Rates for Creditors
One of the key objectives of the CIBC was to improve recovery rates for creditors. Data suggests that recovery rates have increased from 26% (under the previous regime) to nearly 43% post-CIBC implementation.
3. Shift from Debtor-in-Possession to Creditor-in-Control
Unlike earlier insolvency laws where debtors retained control, the CIBC ensures that once insolvency is admitted, an independent Resolution Professional takes charge. This prevents mismanagement by promoters and ensures a fair resolution process.
4. Promotion of Business Revival and Economic Growth
The CIBC emphasizes resolution over liquidation, encouraging viable businesses to continue operations rather than being dismantled. This has led to increased investor confidence and a more dynamic corporate environment in India.
5. Foreign Investment and Ease of Doing Business
The World Bank’s Ease of Doing Business Report highlighted India’s improved ranking due to the implementation of CIBC. Foreign investors have shown greater confidence in Indian markets due to a predictable and efficient insolvency resolution framework.
6. Prominent Case Laws under CIBC
Essar Steel India Ltd. (2019) – Committee of Creditors v. Satish Kumar Gupta
In this landmark case, the Supreme Court ruled that the CoC has the final authority in approving resolution plans, and courts cannot interfere unless there is a violation of the law. The judgment reinforced the importance of creditor autonomy in the resolution process.
Swiss Ribbons Pvt. Ltd. v. Union of India (2019)
The Supreme Court upheld the constitutional validity of the CIBC, emphasizing its role in ensuring an efficient insolvency resolution mechanism. It also highlighted the difference between financial and operational creditors, affirming the prioritization of financial creditors.
ArcelorMittal India Pvt. Ltd. v. Satish Kumar Gupta (2018)
The Supreme Court ruled that promoters who were willful defaulters or linked to non-performing assets (NPAs) are ineligible to bid for their own companies under Section 29A of the CIBC. This prevented defaulters from regaining control of their insolvent firms.
Jaypee Infratech Insolvency Case (2019)
The NCLT ordered fresh bids for Jaypee Infratech under Section 12A, emphasizing that homebuyers should be treated as financial creditors under the CIBC. This case led to amendments recognizing homebuyers as financial creditors, allowing them representation in the CoC.
Innoventive Industries Ltd. v. ICICI Bank (2017)
The Supreme Court ruled that once CIRP is initiated, no other legal proceedings can be entertained for the recovery of debts. This upheld the primacy of CIBC over other debt recovery laws.
Challenges and Future Prospects of CIBC
1. Judicial Delays and Overburdened NCLT
Despite the strict timelines prescribed under the Corporate Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (CIBC), judicial delays remain a significant challenge. The National Company Law Tribunal (NCLT) and the National Company Law Appellate Tribunal (NCLAT) are overburdened with insolvency cases, leading to extended resolution periods.
• Impact: Cases that should be resolved within 330 days (as per the IBC amendment) often stretch for several years.
• Example: The Jaypee Infratech insolvency case, initiated in 2017, took over five years to find resolution.
• Solution: Establishing more NCLT benches, appointing additional judicial members, and streamlining procedures can ensure faster case disposal.
2. Haircuts and Low Recovery Rates in Some Cases
One of the biggest concerns under the CIBC is the low recovery rate in several cases. Creditors often have to accept deep haircuts (losses), recovering only a small fraction of their claims.
• Example: In the DHFL insolvency resolution, lenders accepted a 60% haircut, meaning they recovered only 40% of their claims.
• Solution:
o Stricter valuation norms to prevent undervaluation of assets.
o Encouraging competitive bidding to improve recovery rates.
o Strengthening the role of Resolution Professionals to negotiate better deals for creditors.
3. Section 29A and Its Implications
Section 29A of CIBC prevents wilful defaulters and related parties from bidding for their own companies during insolvency resolution. While this prevents misuse, it sometimes discourages potential resolution applicants.
• Issue: Genuine investors, including promoters with better revival plans, may be unintentionally excluded.
• Solution:
o Refining Section 29A to distinguish wilful defaulters from genuine bidders.
o Allowing certain promoters to participate under strict conditions.
4. Increasing Use of Pre-Packaged Insolvency
The Pre-Packaged Insolvency Resolution Process (PIRP) was introduced in 2021 for Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) to provide a faster and cost-effective resolution process.
• Future Potential: Expanding PIRP to larger corporates can improve efficiency and reduce insolvency resolution time.
• Solution: Creating clearer guidelines and incentives to encourage the use of PIRP.
Conclusion
The Corporate Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (CIBC) has been a transformative legal reform in India, enhancing creditor rights, improving insolvency resolution timelines, and boosting investor confidence. While challenges remain, continuous amendments and judicial interpretations are strengthening its implementation. Going forward, streamlining the process, reducing litigation delays, and encouraging fair recoveries will be key to ensuring a more robust insolvency framework in India.
Reference
Taxmann’s Company Law And Practice
