INTRODUCTION
The Law of Guarantee is a legal principle that governs the promise made by one party (the guarantor) to ensure the payment, debt, or obligation of another party (the principal debtor) to a third party (the creditor) if the principal debtor defaults. It serves as a contractual assurance, often used in financial transactions or business dealings, providing security to creditors. Guarantees can be absolute (unconditional) or conditional (dependent on specific events or circumstances) and must be established with clear terms and mutual agreement. The creditor has the legal right to enforce the guarantee if the principal debtor fails to fulfill their obligations, but they must prove that default occurred and that the terms of the guarantee are met. Legal rights and the scope of such agreements can vary depending on jurisdiction, and certain guarantees may also be limited by time or the nature of the underlying contract. The law of guarantee thus plays a vital role in ensuring trust and financial security in various contractual arrangements.
RIGHTS OF SURETY
A surety has certain rights against the debtor, creditor and co-sureties. Against the principal debtor, the rights of the surety are:
- Right of Subrogation [Section 140]
Section 140 provides for the right of subrogation, in that “where a guaranteed debt has become due, or default of the principal debtor to perform a guaranteed duty has taken place, the surety upon payment or performance of all that he is liable for, is invested with all the rights which the creditor had against the principal debtor.”
When the surety has paid all that he is liable for he is invested with all the rights which the creditor had against the principal debtor. The surety steps into the shoes of the creditor. The creditor has the right to sue the principal debtor. If the liability of the surety is coextensive with that of the principal debtor, his right is not less coextensive with that of the creditor after he satisfies the creditor’s debt.[i] The surety may therefore sure the principal debtor in the rights of the creditor. Under the right of subrogation the surety may get certain rights even before payment.
- Right of Indemnity [Section 145]
Section 145 of the Act provides for the right of indemnity as that in every contract of guarantee there is an implied promise by the principal debtor to indemnify the surety, and the surety is entitled to recover from the principal debtor whatever sum he has rightfully paid under the guarantee, but no sums which he has paid wrongfully.
Thus, in every contract of guarantee, there is an implied promise by the principal debtor to indemnify the surety. The right enables the surety to recover from the principal debtor whatever sum he has rightfully paid under the guarantee,[ii] but not sums which he paid wrongfully. An example of wrongful payment is a case where a surety had guaranteed the payment of four motor vehicles delivered on hire-purchase. The surety contended that he had paid Rs. 400 in discharge of his liability, but he failed to give an account of the price which the motor vehicles might have realised on resale. He was not allowed to recover his indemnity.[iii]
RIGHTS AGAINST CREDITOR
The surety enjoys the following rights agains the creditor:
- Right to Securities [Section 141]
Section 141 provides for the surety’s right to benefit of creditor’s securities as that a surety is entitled to the benefit of every security which the creditor has against the principal debtor at the time when the contract of suretyship is entered into, whether the surety knows of the existence of such security or not; and if the creditor loses, or without the consent of the surety, parts with such security, the surety is discharged to the extent of the value of the security.
This section recognises and incorporates the general rule of equity as expounded in Craythorne v. Swinburne[iv] that the surety is entitled to every remedy which the creditor has against the principal debtor, including enforcement of every security.[v] On paying off the creditor the surety steps into his shoes and gest the right to have the securities, if any, which the creditor has against the principal debtor.
According to English law, the surety has a right to securities which the creditor in fact has against the principal debtor, whether the surety knew of them or not and whether they were received before or after the guarantee. The expression ‘security’ in Section 141 is not used in any technical sense; it includes all rights which the creditor had against the property at the date of contract.[vi]
The difference between the English law and the principle laid down in Section 141 was explained by the Supreme Court in Amritlal Goverdhan Lalan v. State Bank of Travancore[vii] wherein it was held that – “it is true that Section 141 has limited the surety’s right to securities held by the creditor at the date of his becoming surety and has modified the English rule that the surety is entitled to the securities given to the creditor both before and after the contract of guarantee. But subject to this variation, Section 141 incorporates the rule of English law relating to discharge from liability of a surety when the creditor parts with or loses the security held by him.”
- Right to share reduction
This right may be illustrated by the case of Hobson v. Bass:[viii]
J gave a guarantee to B in the following words: “I hereby guarantee to you the payment of all goods you may supply to E.H., but so as my liability to you under this or any other guarantee shall not at any time exceed the sum of £250.” E gave a similar guarantee. B supplied the goods to E.H., to the amount of £657. E.H. became bankrupt. B proves the whole sum in the insolvency of E.H. and then called on the guarantors who paid him £250 each. Subsequently, B received from the receiver a sum of 2s, and, id… in the pound on £657. It was held that each of the guarantors was entitled to a part of the dividend bearing to the whole the same proportion as £250 to £657.
The right to share reduction refers to the principle that when multiple guarantors are liable under a guarantee, and one of them has paid the full amount of their guaranteed liability, they are entitled to share in any recovery from the debtor’s insolvency in proportion to their liability under the guarantee. In the given illustrationThis means that each guarantor could recover a portion of the dividend based on the proportion of their guaranteed sum to the total debt, reflecting the principle that liability should be shared fairly among guarantors when they have paid their share of the debt.
- Right of set-off
If the creditor sues the surety, the surety may have the benefit of the set-off, if any, that the principal debtor had against the creditor. He is entitled to use the defences of the debtor against the creditor. If, for example, the creditor owes him something, or the creditor has in his hand something belonging to the debtor for which the creditor could have counter-claimed, the surety can also put up that counter-claim. He can claim such a right not only against the creditor, but also against third parties who have derived their title from the creditor. Thus, where a mercantile agent sold the goods of his principal and, being a surety for payment of the price to the principal, had to pay it, he was held to have become entitled to the unpaid seller’s lien against the buyer and those deriving title from him.
RIGHTS AGAINST CO-SURETIES
Where a debt has been guaranteed by more than one person, they are called co-sureties. Some of their rights against each other are:
- Effect of releasing a surety
This right is providing under Section 138 with regards to the release of one co-surety does not discharge the others. It states that where there are co-sureties, a release by the creditor of one of them does not discharge the others, neither does it free the surety so released from his responsibility to the other sureties. The creditor may at his will release any of the co-sureties from his liability. But that will not operate as a discharge of his co-sureties. However, the released co-surety will remain liable to the others for contribution in the event of default.
- Right of Contribution
This is provided under Section 146 which states that co-sureties are liable to contribute equally and Section 147 which provides that the liability of co-sureties are bound in different sums. Where there are several sureties for the same debt and the principal debtor has committed a default, each surety is liable to contribute equally to the extent of the default. If one of them has been compelled to pay more than his share, he can recover contribution from his co-sureties as to as to equalise the loss as between all of them.
CONCLUSION
The concept of a contract of guarantee plays a fundamental role in financial and contractual transactions by ensuring that creditors have the assurance of debt repayment or performance from a third-party guarantor in case of default by the principal debtor. The rights of sureties, including the right of subrogation, right of indemnity, and right to securities, provide legal remedies and protections to guarantors against the principal debtor and creditors. Similarly, the right to share reduction allows co-guarantors to share proportionally in any recovery from the insolvency of the principal debtor, promoting fairness and equity among all parties involved. Moreover, the right of set-off and the rules governing co-sureties’ contributions and responsibilities strengthen the legal framework surrounding guarantees, ensuring that liability is distributed justly. Understanding these rights and principles is crucial for parties entering into contractual guarantees, as they offer avenues for legal recourse and equitable treatment in the event of default or insolvency.
[i] Babu Rao Ramchandra Rao v. Babu Manaklal Nehmal, AIR 1938 Nag 413.
[ii] Supreme Leasing v. Low Chuan Heny, 1989 Current LK 809.
[iii] Chekkera Ponnamma v. A. S. Thammayya, AIR 1983 Kant 124.
[iv] Craythorne v. Swinburne, (1807) 14 Ves Jun 160.
[v] Industrial Finance Corporation of India Ltd. v. Cannanore Spinning & Weaving Mills Ltd., (@002) 5 SCC 54.
[vi] State of Madhya Pradesh v. Kaluram, AIR 1967 SC 1105.
[vii] Amritlal Goverdhan Lalan v. State Bank of Travancore, AIR 1968 SC 1432.
[viii] Hobson v. Bass, (1871) LR 6 Ch App 792.
