CASE BRIEF: VIKRAM SINGH v. UNION OF INDIA, (2015) 9 SCC 502

CASE NAME	Vikram Singh v. Union of India, (2015) 9 SCC 502
CITATION	AIR 2015 SUPREME COURT 3577, (2015) 155 ALLINDCAS 197 (SC), 2015 AIR SCW 4940, AIR 2015 SC( CRI) 1714, (2015) 62 OCR 1089
COURT	Supreme Court of India
BENCH	Hon’ble Justice T.S. Thakur, Justice Adarsh Kumar Goel and Justice R.K. Agrawal
APPELLANT	Vikram Singh @ Vicky & Another
RESPONDENT	Union of India and Others
DECIDED ON	21st August 2015

INTRODUCTION

The Supreme Court of India considered the legality of Section 364A of the Indian Penal Code (IPC), which stipulates the death penalty for kidnapping for ransom, in its ruling dated August 21, 2015. In accordance with Sections 302 and 364A IPC, the appellants, Vikram Singh, also known as Vicky, and another were found guilty and given the death penalty for the kidnapping and killing of a little boy. They contested the legality of Section 364A, claiming that by imposing an unduly severe penalty, it violated Articles 14 and 21 of the Constitution.

The Court considered whether the death penalty outlined in Section 364A was appropriate for the crime and if it was constitutional. In order to ensure strict action against all types of such crimes, the ruling upheld the broad application of Section 364A, which covers both terrorist-related and non-terrorist kidnappings for ransom.

The Court affirmed the validity of Section 364A, highlighting the legislature’s authority to establish penalties for transgressions in accordance with the seriousness of the crime and societal demands. It reaffirmed that only in the “rarest of rare” circumstances—when the crime demonstrates great depravity—should the death punishment be applied. The Court justified the death sentence by concluding that the appellants’ behavior satisfied this requirement.

This ruling emphasizes the judiciary’s responsibility to strike a balance between constitutional protections and legislative intent, especially when it comes to the death penalty. It restates the idea that although the legislature can define crimes and set punishments, these laws must be in line with constitutional requirements to guarantee that the consequences are reasonable, equitable, and commensurate with the offense.

FACTS OF THE CASE

Due to some unusual circumstances, this appeal is made by special leave. The appellants were found guilty of crimes punishable by Sections 302 and 364A of the Indian Penal Code, 1860, and were given the death penalty. The High Court of Punjab and Haryana upheld their conviction and imprisonment in an appeal, and this Court ultimately upheld it in Criminal Appeals No. 1396-1397 of 2008. However, the appellants persisted. They petitioned this court in Writ Petition (Crl.) D No.15177 of 2012 to declare that Section 364A, which was added to the IPC by Act 42 of 1993, was unconstitutional to the degree that it stipulated that anyone found guilty would be executed. In Criminal Appeals No.1396-1397 of 2008, the petitioner also requested that the trial court’s death sentence, which had been upheld by the High Court and this Court, be revoked. It was also sought for a mandamus ordering the petitioner’s sentence to be commuted to life in prison. In the end, the writ petition was withdrawn, allowing the petitioners to seek relief at the jurisdictional High Court.

The appellant then petitioned the High Court of Punjab and Haryana in Chandigarh in CWP No.18956 of 2012, seeking an injunction prohibiting the execution of their death sentence and a mandamus invalidating Section 364A of the IPC. The writ petition also asked for the appellants’ case to be reopened and the death sentence to be commuted to life in prison. In its judgment and order dated October 3, 2012, a Division Bench of the High Court of Punjab and Haryana dismissed the aforementioned petition. The bench held that the appellants had not only brought up the issue of whether Section 364A of the IPC applied to the case at hand and whether a person found guilty of an offense punishable under the provision could be sentenced to death in their appeal to this court, but that the court had also taken notice of and decided against them.

ISSUES RAISED

Does the death sentence for kidnapping for ransom, as stipulated in Section 364A of the Indian Penal Code, constitute an unnecessarily severe punishment that violates the rights protected by Articles 14 and 21 of the Indian Constitution?
Taking into account the “rarest of rare” theory for the death penalty, is the death penalty under Section 364A IPC appropriate and justified in relation to the crime of kidnapping for ransom?

ARGUMENTS FROM BOTH SIDES

Arguments from appellant

Only when an offense was committed against the government, a foreign state or an international intergovernmental organization did Section 364A of the IPC come into play. The learned counsel contended that the rule did not apply to cases where a victim was kidnapped or abducted for a ransom demand from a private individual.
It was argued that Section 364A’s provisions were intended to address terrorist kidnappings for ransom or hostage-taking with the intention of pressuring the government, a foreign state, or an international intergovernmental organization to take action or refrain from taking action, including paying a ransom.

Arguments from respondent

In the criminal appeal filed by the appellants against their conviction and sentence, Mr. Ranjit Kumar, Solicitor General, argued that this Court had considered and determined whether Section 364A IPC was applicable to the actual situation of the matter at hand. The appellants were not allowed to re-agitate the matter in collateral proceedings because the Court’s decision in the appeal had reached finality.
It was argued that Section 364A of the IPC was drafted broadly to include circumstances in which terrorists kidnap or abduct a victim for no other reason than forcing the victim’s family to pay a ransom, as well as instances in which terrorists take hostages in order to pressure the government, a foreign state, or any international intergovernmental organization. According to the argument, the High Court correctly analyzed the provisions and considered the historical context in order to conclude that Section 364A applied not only to cases involving acts of terrorism but also to crimes committed in order to get ransom.

JUDGMENT

It was maintained that in some circumstances, even life in jail might not be appropriate given the seriousness of the accused’s crime. In order to emphasize the point of argument, hypothetical scenarios are used. However, the question is whether the Court can invalidate a provision based only on a hypothetical scenario, ignoring the real facts of the case. We have a negative response. We believe that the vires of Section 364A cannot be affected by assumed hypothetical events. The glaring facts that have been established in this instance would, in any event, exclude the matter from the scope of any such speculative scenario. We say this because the appellants, in this instance, were found guilty of murder, which is punishable under Section 302 of the IPC, in addition to Section 364A. Even by the criteria of the rarest of rare circumstances, the death sentence that was given to them for both was deemed to be fair, reasonable and just by this Court.

The victim did not escape his fate and survived to share his tragic story in this instance. The fact that he was executed in this case seems to have been the deciding factor in the appellants’ decision to receive the death penalty. We are not sitting in judgment on something that has already reached finality in this round of litigation. Our only issue is whether Section 364A’s provisions, which stipulate that the appellants must be imprisoned for life or be put to death, are unconstitutional because they are disproportionate to the seriousness of the offense they committed. We have a negative response to your query. Even though the death penalty is uncommon in murder cases, it might be challenging to bring up the issue in collateral processes like the one at hand if the courts have determined that the death penalty is the only punishment appropriate given the circumstances and evidence. The appeal hence fails.

CONCLUSION

The issue concerned whether Section 364A of the Indian Penal Code, which stipulates the death punishment for kidnapping for ransom, is constitutional. The appellants argued that the punishment was disproportionately severe and that this clause violated Articles 14 and 21 of the Indian Constitution. In its analysis of the legislative objective underlying Section 364A, the Supreme Court pointed out that the provision was put in place to discourage horrible crimes involving the kidnapping of people for ransom, which frequently results in severe bodily and psychological suffering to the victims.

The Court stressed that, as long as the laws are in line with constitutional principles, the government has the authority to decide on the penalties for particular offenses. In order to ensure procedural protections, it was made clear that Section 364A does not apply arbitrarily and that strong evidence is needed to prove the offense. The Court also reaffirmed the rule that the death sentence should only be applied in the “rarest of rare” circumstances that is, when the offense is exceptionally violent or demonstrates great depravity.

By using this criterion, the Court maintained the appellants’ death sentence, noting that their actions, including the vicious kidnapping and murder of a young boy for ransom, met the requirements for the most serious crimes that call for the death penalty.

The Supreme Court confirmed that Section 364A IPC is constitutional and that it is an essential deterrence for serious ransom offenses. It came to the conclusion that the severity of the crime is proportionate to the legislature’s determination to impose the death sentence for such actions. The ruling highlights that the death penalty should only be applied in the most severe circumstances while maintaining due process and justice, reinforcing the harmony between legislative power and constitutional protections.