CASE NAME	Rajesh Arora vs Sanjay Kumar Jaiswal
CITATION	(2018) 11 NCLAT CK 0032
COURT	In the Supreme Court of India.
Bench	S.J. Mukhopadhaya, A.I.S. Cheema
Date of Decision	5 November, 2018

Introduction

The case of Rajesh Arora vs. Sanjay Kumar Jaiswal highlights critical procedural lapses in India’s evolving insolvency jurisprudence. Decided by the National Company Law Appellate Tribunal (NCLAT), this matter revolves around the fundamental principles of natural justice and due process under the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (IBC), 2016.

The appeal arose from a dispute regarding the admission of an insolvency application under Section 9 of the IBC without affording the corporate debtor, Amira Pure Foods Pvt. Ltd., an opportunity to be heard. The National Company Law Tribunal (NCLT), New Delhi, admitted the operational creditor’s application without issuing prior notice, prompting the shareholder of the corporate debtor to challenge the order before the appellate tribunal. The case gained significance as it underscored the necessity of procedural fairness in insolvency proceedings and the impact of ex parte rulings on corporate entities.

By setting aside the impugned order, the NCLAT reaffirmed the principles of due process, emphasizing that insolvency proceedings must adhere strictly to statutory mandates and protect the rights of all stakeholders. This ruling serves as a pivotal reference in ensuring transparency, fairness, and judicial oversight in corporate insolvency matters within India’s legal framework.

FACTS

The appellant, Greater Noida Industrial Development Authority (GNIDA), is a statutory organization constituted under the Uttar Pradesh Industrial Area Development Act of 1976 to develop and manage industrial and urban regions. The dispute stems from GNIDA’s challenge to its categorization and treatment in the Corporate Insolvency Resolution Process (CIRP) of JNC Construction (P) Ltd. (the corporate debtor), which failed to pay GNIDA for leased property. 

On October 28, 2010, GNIDA leased a block of land in Greater Noida to JNC Construction for a residential project on a 90-year lease basis. The lease conditions required JNC Construction to pay a surcharge in installments starting in 2012, following an initial moratorium. Despite the agreed-upon terms, JNC Construction failed to make these payments, prompting GNIDA to seek the unpaid balance. In January 2020, GNIDA filed a claim of ₹43,40,31,951 for missed payments, interest, and penalties, citing its standing as a financial creditor and statutory charge over the leased land under Section 13A of the 1976 Act.

During the CIRP started against JNC Construction, the Resolution Professional (RP) designated GNIDA as an operational creditor and asked it to resubmit its claim in Form B, as required by the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (IBC), 2016. GNIDA opposed the categorization, claiming that its claim stemmed from legally secured financial commitments. The RP, however, barred GNIDA from attending Committee of Creditors (CoC) meetings, and the CoC later adopted a settlement plan. The proposal drastically devalued GNIDA’s claim, decreasing the due amount to ₹1,34,74,082, which will be released conditionally upon unit registration under the project. 

GNIDA claimed that adequate participation in the insolvency proceedings was denied. It claimed that the RP erred in classifying it as an operational creditor, ignored its secured creditor status, and excluded its legitimate claim from the resolution plan’s terms. Furthermore, GNIDA claimed that the resolution plan breached Section 30(2) of the IBC since it did not appropriately account for the statutory charge over the land or GNIDA’s creditor rights.

Despite these arguments, the National Company Law Tribunal (NCLT) denied GNIDA’s petitions, citing the agency’s failure to swiftly rectify anomalies during the CIRP. The National Company Law Appellate Tribunal (NCLAT) affirmed the verdict, finding no flaws in the resolution plan’s approval.

Dissatisfied with these conclusions, GNIDA filed an appeal with the Supreme Court, seeking remedy for procedural flaws, misclassification of its creditor position, and alleged noncompliance of the resolution plan with IBC requirements. The case raised key questions about creditor categorization, procedural fairness in CIRP, and statutory compliance, making it a watershed moment in India’s bankruptcy law.

ISSUES

1. Whether the National Company Law Tribunal (NCLT) erred in admitting the application under Section 9 of the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016, without providing notice to the Corporate Debtor, thereby violating the principles of natural justice.
2. Whether the actions and orders passed by the NCLT, including the appointment of a Resolution Professional and declaration of a moratorium, were legally valid after the settlement between the parties.
3. Whether the Corporate Debtor, M/s Amira Pure Foods Pvt. Ltd, is entitled to be released from the Insolvency Resolution Process following the appeal, given the settlement and the subsequent dismissal of the application under Section 9 of the IBC.

ARGUMENTS FROM BOTH SIDES 

Arguments by the petitioners

• The petitioner argues that the Adjudicating Authority admitted the application under Section 9 of the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (IBC) without providing notice to the Corporate Debtor. This omission constitutes a violation of the principles of natural justice, as the Corporate Debtor was not given an opportunity to defend itself before the order was passed.
• The petitioner contends that the settlement reached between the parties was not duly considered by the Adjudicating Authority before admitting the application. A draft for Rs. 2,88,000/- was handed over to the Respondent, indicating that the matter was in the process of being settled, and thus, the order should not have been passed without taking this settlement into account.
• The petitioner asserts that the actions and orders following the impugned order, including the appointment of a Resolution Professional, freezing of accounts, and moratorium, were legally invalid as the application under Section 9 should not have been admitted in the first place due to lack of notice and the ongoing settlement.

Arguments by the Respondents

• The Respondent argues that the Adjudicating Authority acted within its powers by admitting the application under Section 9 of the IBC despite the lack of notice, citing the proof of service and the affidavit submitted by the Applicant. The Respondent contends that all procedural requirements were met from their side, and the Corporate Debtor’s failure to respond or contest the application is not grounds for invalidation.
• The Respondent maintains that the settlement between the parties does not alter the fact that the application was properly admitted under Section 9. The Respondent asserts that even if the settlement was in progress, the legal process of admitting the application had already been completed, and it should not affect the legal standing of the case.
• The Respondent claims that the Adjudicating Authority had sufficient grounds to proceed ex parte based on the evidence presented, and the actions taken by the Resolution Professional were within the legal framework. The Respondent emphasizes that there was no error in the tribunal’s procedural conduct.

DECISION

In Rajesh Arora vs. Sanjay Kumar Jaiswal, the Appellate Tribunal examined procedural fairness and adherence to principles of natural justice under the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016 (IBC). The appeal challenged the order dated 8th October 2018, issued by the National Company Law Tribunal (NCLT), New Delhi, which admitted the Section 9 application filed by the Respondent, an operational creditor, without issuing prior notice to the Corporate Debtor.

The Tribunal found that the Adjudicating Authority proceeded ex parte, relying solely on the service affidavit submitted by the Respondent. This procedural lapse constituted a clear violation of natural justice, depriving the Corporate Debtor of an opportunity to present its defense. Additionally, the Tribunal took note of the settlement reached between the parties, wherein the Appellant had cleared the dues by handing over a draft of Rs. 2,88,000/- to the Respondent’s counsel.

Accordingly, the Tribunal set aside the impugned order, invalidating all consequential actions, including the appointment of a Resolution Professional, moratorium declaration, and public notices. The Corporate Debtor was released from insolvency proceedings, and the matter was closed. However, the ruling did not preclude other operational creditors from seeking remedies before an appropriate forum. The appeal was thereby disposed of with no order as to costs.

CONCLUSION

The decision in Rajesh Arora vs. Sanjay Kumar Jaiswal underscores the fundamental principles of natural justice and procedural fairness under the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (IBC), 2016. The primary issue, in this case, was the admission of the insolvency petition under Section 9 of the IBC by the National Company Law Tribunal (NCLT) without prior notice to the Corporate Debtor, M/s Amira Pure Foods Pvt. Ltd. This procedural lapse deprived the Corporate Debtor of an opportunity to present its defense, violating the core tenets of due process.

The Appellate Tribunal found that the Adjudicating Authority proceeded ex parte based solely on the service affidavit submitted by the Operational Creditor. This irregularity resulted in an unwarranted initiation of the Corporate Insolvency Resolution Process (CIRP), leading to the appointment of a Resolution Professional, the imposition of a moratorium, and other legal consequences. Given that the parties had reached a settlement, the Tribunal deemed it unnecessary to remit the matter back to the NCLT, instead dismissing the insolvency application outright.

This ruling reaffirms the judiciary’s commitment to upholding procedural integrity in insolvency proceedings by setting aside all consequential actions, including the moratorium and public advertisements. However, it clarifies that other operational creditors remain free to seek recourse through appropriate legal forums.