CASE NAME	R v. DANIEL M’NAGHTEN (1843) 8 E.R. 718
CITATION	(1843) 10 Cl. & F. 200, [1843] UKHL J16
COURT	House of Lords
BENCH	Lord Justice Tindal
APELLANT	King
RESPONDENT	M’Naughten
DECIDED ON	decided on 19th June 1843

INTRODUCTION

M’Naughten case is judicial pronouncement of United Kingdom and a leading judgment for the defense of insanity which is considered to be a very deciding judgment and widely followed in the Indian jurisdiction also. Sec. 22 of BNS deals with an exception given to a person of unsound mind. Actus Reus, or a criminal act, and Mens Rea, or a guilty mentality, are the two prerequisites for any act to be deemed criminal. These requirements determine the accused’s criminal responsibility. One of the most well-known legal defenses against actions that would otherwise be criminal is the defense of insanity. “Not guilty because of insanity” is a common statement, but what does it actually imply, and how can one tell if someone is insane or not? Numerous tests and theories are available for use, but the most well-known is the M’Naghten Rules, which bear the name of Daniel M’Naghten, an Englishman. 

When someone commits a crime and claims insanity as a defense, the burden of proof is with the defendant to demonstrate his mental condition at the time the crime was committed. Such a defense is articulated in the English theory known as the M’Naghten rules, when the court initially recognized the defense of insanity in the 1840s. The Daniel McNaghten case, in which he was found not guilty of killing Edmund Drummond—whom he mistook for the British prime mianister—prompted the creation of this regulation.

FACTS OF THE CASE

Defendant was accused of killing Edward Drummond, Sir Robert Peel’s prime ministerial secretary. Defendant accidentally shot Drummond after mistaking him for Peel. He informed police that he had come to London to kill the prime minister because “the tories in my city have destroyed my peace of mind by following and persecuting me wherever I go.” They do every action possible to intimidate and harm me; in fact, they want to kill me. Expert and lay witnesses, called by defense counsel, described the defendant’s obsession with delusions and his extreme insanity. The jury was instructed by the judge to consider his ignorance at the time the relevant act was committed. The jury found the defendant not guilty due to insanity. In order to decide on the requirements for the insanity defense, fifteen judges convened at the House of Lords after the trial.

ISSUES RAISED

1. How should the jury be instructed to decide regarding the prisoner’s mental state at the time the act was committed? 
2. Is a person forgiven if they commit an offense because they are living under a delusional belief that isn’t based in reality?

ARGUMENTS FROM BOTH SIDES

Argument from the side of Appellant

• The attorney acknowledged pulling the trigger, claiming that his persecution had “driven him to desperation.” M’Naghten thought that Jesuits, Catholic priests, and members of the British political party, the Tories, were constantly spying on him in the months leading up to the killing in order to frame him with false accusations of crimes and then kill him.
• The prosecution contended that M’Naghten ought to face criminal charges for his deeds, given that he deliberately killed Drummond. They argued that M’Naghten may have known right from wrong at the time of the conduct, even in spite of his mental instability.
• Prosecutors stressed that M’Naghten plotted the murder, implying that he knew exactly what he was doing. His pursuit and shooting of Drummond may be interpreted as proof of a planned and intentional action, which would defeat the claim of insanity.
• Public safety and the fear that permitting an insanity defense could create a risky precedent, allowing others to avoid accountability for severe crimes by asserting mental illness, were two major concerns.

Argument from the side of respondent

• The defense team for M’Naghten said that his insanity absolved him of any responsibility. They argued that M’Naghten was unable to comprehend the character and extent of his activities due to serious mental illness, specifically paranoia and delusions. He thought he was taking action to shield himself from potential government persecution.
• The defense said that M’Naghten’s mental illness prevented him from knowing right from wrong at the time of the crime. He was persuaded by his delusions to act in a way that was necessary, which disproved his criminal purpose (mens rea).
• M’Naghten was suffering from a “morbid delusion,” according to several medical professionals who testified, and his mental state made it difficult for him to understand the repercussions of his conduct. This medical data was crucial.

JUDGMENT

The House of Lords’ opinion was delivered by Lord Chief Justice Tindal. Jurors ought to be advised that all men are believed to be sane and to have a sufficient level of reason to be accountable for their actions. Therefore, in order to establish an insanity defense, it must be amply demonstrated that the accused had a mental illness at the time of the act, impairing his ability to reason and preventing him from understanding the nature or significance of the act he was committing, or, if he did, from understanding that it was wrong. 

Following consideration, the court decided that M’Naghten was not guilty due to insanity. The M’Naghten Rule, which was instituted by the court, states that a defendant may be declared not guilty by reason of insanity if, at the time of the offense, they were experiencing a mental illness that prevented them from comprehending the nature and ramifications of their actions or from knowing right from wrong.

CONCLUSION

R v. McNaughten set a major legal precedent pertaining to the defense of insanity and is still used as a benchmark for assessing criminal guilt. The M’Naghten Rule, which has been incorporated into many international legal systems, has influenced how criminal law views mental illness. The case has an impact that goes beyond its immediate surroundings; it has an impact on later legal developments as well as conversations about mental health and criminal justice. It emphasizes how crucial it is to treat people with mental illnesses fairly and to take mental illness into account in criminal procedures. 

A jury cannot find that “the accused is not guilty by reason of insanity” unless two or more registered medical professionals, at least one of whom has particular expertise in the field of mental disorder, provide written or oral testimony, according to Section 1 of the Criminal Procedure (Insanity and Unfitness to Plead) Act 1991. According to Section 5 of the Criminal Procedure (Insanity) Act of 1964, the court shall issue a hospital order along with a restriction order restricting freedom and other rights if the punishment for the offense to which the finding relates is prescribed by law. 

The M’Naghten Rule is criticized heavily for its narrow application, which results from its focus on cognitive factors—the impact on knowledge—instead of emotional and volitional factors—the impact on the capacity to govern behavior. Rarely are defenses eliminated due to shifting social forces; instead, there are frequently strong reasons to deviate from long-held beliefs about criminal guilt. This is not to argue that, as knowledge advances, the defense of mental impairments breadth or language cannot also evolve. Nonetheless, the defense itself plays a crucial role in acknowledging that people with mental illnesses or psychological conditions that significantly impair their ability to make rational decisions shouldn’t be held to the same legal standards as people whose ability to make decisions is unaffected.