CASE NAME	Moser Baer Karamchari Union vs. Union of India
CITATION	Writ Petition (C) No. 421 of 2019
COURT	In the Supreme Court of India.
Bench	M.R. Shah
Date of Decision	2 May, 2023

Introduction

The case of Moser Baer Karamchari Union Thr. vs. Union of India stands as a pivotal moment in the evolving landscape of Indian insolvency law. This Supreme Court decision delves into critical legal questions concerning workers’ rights, statutory claims, and the intersection of labor laws with the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (IBC) of 2016.

The dispute arose from the exclusion of workmen’s dues from the preferential payment structure under the Companies Act 2013 following the introduction of the IBC. The petitioners, representing the employees of Moser Baer India Ltd., challenged the validity of Section 327(7) of the Companies Act, arguing that it unfairly restricted workers’ statutory claims within the waterfall mechanism under Section 53 of the IBC. They contended that the new framework placed them at a disadvantage by equating their dues with those of secured creditors, thereby diluting protections previously granted under the Companies Act.

The Supreme Court’s ruling underscored crucial principles of economic legislation, statutory fairness, and equitable distribution in corporate insolvency. By addressing the classification and prioritization of workers’ dues, the judgment reaffirmed the judiciary’s role in balancing financial discipline with labor rights, further shaping the contours of insolvency jurisprudence in India.

FACTS

The petitioner, Moser Baer Karamchari Union, represents the workmen of Moser Baer India Ltd., a company undergoing liquidation under the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (IBC), 2016. The dispute arose from the classification and prioritization of workmen’s dues under the waterfall mechanism prescribed in Section 53 of the IBC, which the petitioners contended was arbitrary and unconstitutional.

Moser Baer India Ltd., once a leading manufacturer of optical storage media, was admitted into the corporate insolvency resolution process (CIRP) under the IBC following its financial distress and subsequent inability to meet its obligations. The company was ordered to undergo liquidation after failing to find a viable resolution plan. The workmen, through their union, filed a writ petition under Article 32 of the Constitution of India, challenging Section 327(7) of the Companies Act, 2013.

Prior to the enactment of the IBC, Sections 326 and 327 of the Companies Act 2013 provided workmen with a statutory right to preferential payment in case of winding up. However, with the introduction of Section 327(7), these provisions were rendered inapplicable in liquidation under the IBC. Instead, workmen’s dues were subjected to the waterfall mechanism of Section 53, which ranked them pari passu with secured creditors who had relinquished their security. The petitioners argued that this diluted the protections previously afforded under the Companies Act, placing workmen at a disadvantage.

The union sought to have Section 327(7) struck down as arbitrary and violative of Articles 14 and 21 of the Constitution. Additionally, they urged the Court to interpret Section 53 in a manner that would ensure full recovery of their statutory dues for the preceding 24 months, independent of the waterfall mechanism. The petitioners further emphasized that workmen’s dues—unlike other claims—were rooted in social justice principles and should not be equated with the claims of secured creditors.

On the opposing side, the Union of India defended the legislative changes, arguing that the IBC introduced a new insolvency framework to maximize asset value and ensure equitable distribution among stakeholders. It contended that the waterfall mechanism under Section 53 was a well-considered policy decision, striking a balance between various creditors while also ensuring that workmen’s dues were protected to a reasonable extent. The government also highlighted that provident funds, pension funds, and gratuities were expressly excluded from the liquidation estate under Section 36(4) of the IBC, ensuring a degree of financial security for workers.

The case raised fundamental questions about the treatment of labor claims in insolvency proceedings, the extent of workers’ financial protections, and the constitutionality of prioritizing creditors under the IBC. Given the significant implications for labor rights and insolvency jurisprudence, the Supreme Court’s ruling was anticipated to shape the future balance between corporate insolvency resolution and social justice in India.

ISSUES

1. Whether the exclusion of workmen’s dues from the preferential payment structure under Sections 326 and 327 of the Companies Act 2013, through the introduction of Section 327(7), was constitutionally valid under Articles 14 and 21 of the Constitution of India.
2. Whether the classification of workmen’s dues under Section 53 of the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (IBC), 2016—ranking them pari passu with secured creditors who have relinquished their security—was legally justified and in line with the principles of equitable distribution in insolvency proceedings.
3. Whether the statutory exclusion of workmen’s provident fund, pension fund, and gratuity from the liquidation estate under Section 36(4) of the IBC sufficiently safeguarded workers’ rights or whether additional protections were necessary to ensure full recovery of workmen’s dues.

ARGUMENTS FROM BOTH SIDES 

Arguments by the petitioners

• The petitioners argued that Section 327(7) of the Companies Act 2013, which excludes workmen’s dues from preferential payment in insolvency proceedings, is arbitrary and violative of Articles 14 and 21 of the Constitution. They contended that depriving workmen of their statutory rights under the Companies Act creates an unjust and unreasonable classification.
• The petitioners asserted that Section 53 of the IBC unfairly ranks workmen’s dues pari passu with secured creditors who have relinquished their security. This classification diminishes the protection previously granted under the Companies Act and reduces the likelihood of full payment to workmen, contradicting the principles of social justice and labor welfare.
• The petitioners contended that the IBC framework prioritizes financial creditors at the cost of workmen’s statutory claims. While provident funds, gratuity, and pension funds are excluded from the liquidation estate under Section 36(4) of the IBC, other outstanding dues such as unpaid wages, bonuses, and retrenchment compensation remain subject to the waterfall mechanism, placing workmen at a disadvantage.

Arguments by the Respondents

• The respondents contended that the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016 is a self-contained legislation designed to streamline insolvency resolution and liquidation. They argued that Section 327(7) of the Companies Act 2013 was necessary to avoid conflicts between the IBC and the Companies Act, ensuring a uniform framework for insolvency proceedings.
• The respondents defended the waterfall mechanism under Section 53 of the IBC, stating that it was designed to balance the interests of all stakeholders, including financial creditors, operational creditors, and workmen. They argued that granting absolute priority to workmen’s dues, as sought by the petitioners, would disrupt this balance and undermine the objective of maximizing asset value.
• The respondents emphasized that workmen’s provident fund, gratuity, and pension funds were explicitly excluded from the liquidation estate under Section 36(4) of the IBC. They argued that this provision provided sufficient protection to workmen, ensuring that their core social security benefits remained intact.

DECISION

In Moser Baer Karamchari Union Thr. vs. Union of India, the Supreme Court adjudicated critical issues regarding the prioritization of workmen’s dues, the constitutional validity of Section 327(7) of the Companies Act, 2013, and the broader implications of the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (IBC), 2016.

The Court upheld the validity of Section 327(7), affirming that the waterfall mechanism under Section 53 of the IBC was a well-considered legislative policy aimed at balancing the rights of various creditors. It ruled that while workmen’s dues were no longer afforded absolute priority under the Companies Act, their pari passu ranking with secured creditors who relinquished their security ensured equitable distribution. The Court also emphasized that provident funds, gratuity, and pension funds were protected under Section 36(4) of the IBC, thereby preserving workmen’s essential financial security.

Dismissing the petitioners’ challenge under Articles 14 and 21 of the Constitution, the Court held that economic legislation warrants judicial restraint unless manifestly arbitrary. By upholding the IBC framework, the ruling reinforced legislative intent to streamline insolvency resolution while ensuring fair treatment of all stakeholders. This decision reaffirmed the Supreme Court’s role in maintaining the integrity of India’s evolving insolvency jurisprudence.

CONCLUSION 

The Supreme Court’s decision in Moser Baer Karamchari Union Thr. vs. Union of India underscores the evolving framework of insolvency law in India, particularly the balancing of economic policy with labor rights. The ruling reaffirmed the legitimacy of the waterfall mechanism under Section 53 of the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (IBC), 2016, while also emphasizing the need to safeguard workmen’s financial security.

The Court’s rejection of the constitutional challenge to Section 327(7) of the Companies Act 2013 reinforces legislative intent in restructuring insolvency proceedings. By ranking workmen’s dues pari passu with secured creditors who relinquish their security, the judgment aligns with global insolvency principles that prioritize asset maximization and fair distribution. Additionally, the Court highlighted Section 36(4) of the IBC, which protects provident fund, gratuity, and pension benefits, ensuring a baseline financial safeguard for workers.

This ruling sets a significant precedent by upholding judicial deference in economic legislation, affirming that policy decisions—even those impacting labor rights—must be evaluated within the broader insolvency framework. It sends a clear message that statutory compliance and equitable treatment are central to insolvency law, ensuring stability and predictability in corporate liquidation proceedings.