CASE NAME	India Resurgence Arc Private Limited Vs. M/S. Amit Metaliks Limited & Anr.
CITATION	(2021) SCC OnLine SC 409
COURT	In the Supreme Court of India.
Bench	Vineet Saran, Dinesh Maheshwari
Date of Decision	13 May, 2024

Introduction

An important turning point in the development of creditor rights under India’s insolvency regime was reached in the case of India Resurgence ARC Private Limited vs. M/S. Amit Metaliks Limited & Anr. Under the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (IBC) of 2016, the Supreme Court of India rendered a ruling that explores important questions of justice, fairness, and the extent of judicial review in the corporate insolvency resolution process (CIRP). 

The resolution plan for VSP Udyog Private Limited, which was accepted by the Committee of Creditors (CoC) and supported by the National Company Law Tribunal (NCLT) and the National Company Law Appellate Tribunal (NCLAT), was challenged by India Resurgence ARC Private Limited, which led to this appeal. In violation of Section 30(4) of the IBC, the appellant, a dissenting financial creditor, argued that the plan did not appropriately address the value of its security interest. 

The Supreme Court limited the reach of judicial involvement while reaffirming the importance of the CoC’s business acumen and emphasizing its sole jurisdiction over resolution plan approval. The Court stressed openness, procedural compliance, and resolution over liquidation—principles essential to India’s insolvency regime—by striking a balance between the requirement for economic efficiency and the fair treatment of creditors.

FACTS

In the Corporate Insolvency Resolution Process (CIRP) of VSP Udyog Private Limited, the corporate debtor, the appellant, India Resurgence ARC Private Limited, an asset reconstruction firm, obtained the rights, title, and interest of Religare Finvest Limited as a secured financial creditor. This case started when M/S. Amit Metaliks Limited’s resolution plan was approved. The appellant disputed this plan, arguing that it did not adhere to important provisions of the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (IBC), 2016. 

The CIRP was created as a result of VSP Udyog’s financial commitments being neglected. With a resounding 95.35% vote, the Committee of Creditors (CoC) adopted the resolution plan put out by M/S. Amit Metaliks Limited. India Resurgence, with a 3.94% voting share, dissented, claiming that the proposal offered them a payout of ₹2.026 crore against their admitted claim of over ₹13.38 crore and ignored the value of their security interest, estimated at ₹12 crore. The appellant claimed that the plan did not conform with Section 30(4) of the IBC, which requires the CoC to consider the priority and value of security interests when approving a resolution plan.

Although the appellant’s objections were addressed during the CoC discussions, the CoC and the Resolution Professional eventually determined that the resolution plan was workable and compliant. The CoC prioritized settlement above liquidation, highlighting the IBC’s goal of rehabilitating failing enterprises. The National Company Law Tribunal (NCLT) accepted the resolution plan, concluding that it satisfied all legislative criteria, including equitable distribution among stakeholders. 

On appeal, the National Company Law Appellate Tribunal (NCLAT) supported the NCLT’s ruling, emphasizing that the CoC’s commercial judgment in approving a resolution plan is fundamental and cannot be subject to judicial intervention unless creditors of the same class are treated unequally. The NCLAT further found that the 2019 change to Section 30(4) merely gives the CoC option, not a requirement, to account for the value of security interests.

Dissatisfied with these findings, India Resurgence petitioned the Supreme Court, contesting the resolution plan’s approval on the basis of inequitable treatment, contempt for security interests, and failure to comply with legislative responsibilities. The case addressed important problems concerning creditor rights, the scope of judicial review, and the interpretation of Section 30(4), highlighting a turning point in India’s emerging insolvency regulations.

ISSUES

1. Whether the Committee of Creditors (CoC) was legally required under Section 30(4) of the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (IBC), 2016, to consider the priority and value of the appellant’s security interest while approving the resolution plan.
2. Whether the resolution plan adopted by the CoC and supported by the National Company Law Tribunal (NCLT) and the National Company Law Appellate Tribunal (NCLAT) provided fair and equitable treatment to dissident financial creditors, including the appellant, in accordance with the IBC.
3. Whether the extent of judicial review allows for interference with the CoC’s business judgment in terms of claim distribution and IBC resolution plan approval.

 ARGUMENTS FROM BOTH SIDES 

Arguments by the petitioners

• The petitioner argued that the resolution plan agreed by the Committee of Creditors (CoC) did not accurately reflect the value of their security interest, estimated at ₹12 crore. This omission breached Section 30(4) of the 2016 Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (IBC), which requires the CoC to evaluate the priority and value of a secured creditor’s claims before approving a resolution plan.
• The petitioner stated that the settlement plan offered a disproportionately low payment of ₹2.026 crore compared to their accepted claim of ₹13.38 crore. This treatment violated the principles of fairness and equality outlined in Section 30(2) of the IBC, which requires a resolution plan to guarantee equitable distribution among creditors within the same class.
• The petitioner argued that the CoC’s judgment lacked validity in view of their concerns about the undervaluation of security interests and the uneven distribution of claims. They contended that the CoC’s commercial acumen should not be shielded from judicial examination, particularly when legislative restrictions were allegedly breached.

Arguments by the Respondents

• According to the answers, 95.35% of the CoC endorsed the resolution plan, demonstrating the financial creditors’ collective business acumen. They contended that such judgments are not justiciable as long as the settlement plan meets the IBC’s statutory conditions, including Section 30(2).
• The respondents maintained that the settlement plan handled the petitioner fairly and equitably in light of its standing as a dissident financial creditor. The planned payment of ₹2.026 crore aligned with the distribution percentages for other secured creditors, assuring no special treatment.
• The respondents contended that the IBC favors the settlement and resurrection of troubled businesses above liquidation. They stated that the petitioner’s demand for liquidation would have risked the broader interests of stakeholders and undermined the IBC’s principal goal of maximizing the value of the corporate debtor’s assets.
• The replies stated that the petitioner’s objections were filed late and lacked substance. They argued that the CoC had properly deliberated on the resolution plan, and the disagreement of a minority creditor with 3.94% voting rights could not overturn the majority decision.

DECISION

The Supreme Court addressed significant issues related to the treatment of dissident financial creditors, the role of the Committee of Creditors (CoC), and compliance with statutory responsibilities under the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (IBC) of 2016.

The Court determined that the resolution plan accepted by the CoC with a 95.35% vote was compatible with the IBC’s goals of assuring resolution and asset maximizing above liquidation. It reiterated the premise that the CoC’s business acumen is fundamental and non-justiciable, with the exception of procedural flaws or legislative mandate breaches.

The Court dismissed the petitioner’s claim that the CoC was required under Section 30(4) to give special weight to the value of its security interest. It stressed that the 2019 change to Section 30(4) merely allows the CoC to examine such issues, leaving the final decision to its commercial judgment. Furthermore, the Court found no indication of inequitable treatment because the resolution plan paid dissident financial creditors, including the petitioner, on the same basis as other secured creditors. 

Finally, the Supreme Court upheld the decisions of the National Company Law Tribunal (NCLT) and the National Company Law Appellate Tribunal (NCLAT), emphasizing that the appellant’s insistence on enforcing the entire value of its security interest violated the IBC’s principles, which seek to balance creditor rights with the revival of distressed companies. Allowing such enforcement would have disturbed the settlement process by putting a minority creditor’s interests ahead of all stakeholders.

CONCLUSION

The Supreme Court’s decision in India Resurgence ARC Private Limited vs. M/S. Amit Metaliks Limited & Anr. Highlights the concepts of commercial acumen, equitable creditor treatment, and the judiciary’s limited role in reviewing CoC judgments under the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (IBC) of 2016. The appellant, a dissenting financial creditor, claimed that the resolution plan failed to account for the priority and value of its security interest under the modified Section 30(4) of the IBC. However, the Court noted that while the CoC must examine these concerns, they are still discretionary guidelines. The Court considered the appellant’s treatment in the resolution plan to be fair and equitable, in line with the claims of other secured creditors. 

Reaffirming previous findings, notably Essar Steel, the Court stated that judicial review is limited to ensuring statutory compliance and does not re-evaluate CoC’s business decisions. The court underlined the social nature of insolvency resolution, dismissing the appellant’s argument for a greater compensation based on the security’s worth since it would violate the Code’s goal of resolution over liquidation.

This ruling affirms the priority of the CoC’s business judgment and fair treatment of creditors while also stating that dissident creditors must align with collective interests. It establishes an important precedent, safeguarding the integrity and goals of the insolvency process.