CASE BRIEF: BALFOUR V BALFOUR [1919]

CASE NAME	Balfour v Balfour
CITATION	[1919] 2 KB 571
COURT	Court of Appeal, England
BENCH	Warrington LJ Duke LJ Atkin LJ
APPELLANT	Balfour
RESPONDENTS	Balfour
DECIDED ON	Decided in 1919

INTRODUCTION

The Balfour v. Balfour case is regarded as a landmark judgment due to its discussion of the establishment of a legally binding contract between a married couple. Mrs. Balfour filed the case in the inferior court in 1919, and the judgment was rendered against her husband, Mr. Balfour. Nevertheless, Mr. Balfour filed an appeal in the higher court against the lower court’s judgment, and the court of appeals reversed the lower court’s decision. The primary point of the judgment is that the intention is crucial for the formation of any type of contract. The promise made between the husband and wife in the ordinary course of life is not legally enforceable and does not fall under the jurisdiction of contract law if the intention to form a legally binding contract is not present.

FACTS

In August 1900, Mr. and Mrs. Balfour were united in matrimony.
Mr. Balfour was a government employee in Ceylon, which is now known as Sri Lanka. and both of them traveled to Ceylon, as Mr. Balfour was required to resume his employment.
Mr. and Mrs. Balfour visited England in November 1915. Mr. Balfour was on leave for his visit to England.
Mr. and Mrs. Balfour remained in England until August 1916. Mr. Balfour’s leave had concluded, and he returned to Ceylon.
Mrs. Balfour acquired rheumatoid arthritis. Her physicians advised her to refrain from traveling until November 1916. Mrs. Balfour remained in England while her husband elected to depart for Ceylon independently.
Following their mutual discussion, Mr. Balfour resolved to provide Mrs. Balfour with a 24 GBP check and commit to sending her 30 GBP monthly until he returned to England and retrieved her.
Mr. and Mrs. Balfour adhered to their statements for an extended period, and their relationship was harmonious. Mr. Balfour also adhered to the decision to send 30 GBP on a monthly basis.
The relationship between Mr. and Mrs. Balfour began to deteriorate over time. Mr. Balfour subsequently wrote to Mrs. Balfour, requesting that she finalize the separation.
Mrs. Balfour instituted legal proceedings against Mr. Balfour in March 1918 to reclaim her conjugal rights.
Mr. and Mrs. Balfour were legally divorced in July 1918, as the separation was rendered permanent.
Mrs. Balfour filed a lawsuit against her husband, Mr. Balfour, for failing to pay the sum that was due.

ISSUE RAISED

Was it, at any rate, a contract binding at law between Mr. Balfour and her husband, Mrs. Balfour?
Was Mr. Balfour ever capable of entering into a contract with his wife, Mrs. Balfour?
Does the contract law govern the domestic agreements between Mr. and Mrs. Balfour?
Does any agreement between the husband and the wife, based on mere promise, become a contract at law?
Is every oral agreement a valid contract?
Whether the agreement between Mr. and Mrs. Balfour holds validity?
Does Mr. Balfour agree to pay Mrs. Balfour pound 30 every month?

APPELLANT’S ARGUMENTS

Mr. Balfour contended that the agreement between him and Mrs. Balfour was domestic in nature.
Mr. Balfour did not intend to enter into any legally binding agreement with his wife, Mrs. Balfour.
In addition, he had no legal obligation to provide his wife, Mrs. Balfour, with monthly maintenance due to the same grounds.

RESPONDENT’S ARGUMENTS

Mrs. Balfour contended that her husband, Mr. Balfour, was obligated to pay the maintenance amount to her because they had entered into a domestic contract.
He was legally required to provide his wife with 30 GBP per month in maintenance and support for her medical treatment as a result of the aforementioned reason.
The sole reason Mrs. Balfour consented to remain in England for her medical treatment was the reliance she placed on this agreement, which Mr. Balfour had made to pay her monthly maintenance.

JUDGEMENT

The matter was investigated by the bench, which was composed of Duke LJ, Warrington LJ, and Atkin LJ. The court conducted an analysis of the evidence presented by both parties in this case.
Mrs. Balfour testified in court that the set of letters presented as evidence could be used to infer that Mr. Balfour had promised to send 30 GBP per month as maintenance for her medical treatment.
Nevertheless, Mr. Warrington, L.J., one of the judges, questioned the validity of the agreement, questioning whether it met all the necessary criteria for a contract to be considered valid or whether Mr. Balfour made a mere promise that could be made in the daily course of life between a husband and wife.
Mr. Warrington, L.J., also stated that the circumstances of the case could be interpreted as indicating that no contract was established between Mr. and Mrs. Balfour “in express terms.” This was in addition to his previous statement. The events that transpired were merely a series of promises exchanged between the amicable married couple. In this instance, he also stated that the decision rendered by Justice Sargant, the inferior court judge, was invalid and that the appeal should be permitted.
Atkin, L.J., the other judge on the panel, stated that Mr. Balfour (the appellant) had not intended the agreement to be legally binding at all. He also implied that there could be an agreement between Mr. and Mrs. Balfour; however, the contract cannot be validated due to the absence of legal intention. Therefore, it was merely a collection of promises exchanged between the couple, and it could not be classified as a contract. Additionally, he stated that such agreements between husband and wife are prevalent and cannot be considered contracts. He also stated that Mr. Balfour’s appeal should be granted.
Duke, L.J., concurred with both of the justices on the panel and emphasized that the agreement between Mr. and Mrs. Balfour was executed in the ordinary manner of a happily married couple. The agreement was solely a domestic agreement that was reached through mutual assent. Therefore, it could not be considered legally obligatory.
The justices in the court of appeal determined that the agreement between the husband and wife was exclusively domestic in nature. According to Lord Justice Atkin, the couple (Mr. and Mrs. Balfour) did not intend for the agreement to be legally binding on each other when they engaged in it.
Additionally, it was determined that the domestic agreement between a husband and wife, which is customary in the daily course of life, will never be considered by a court. In the given circumstances and facts, the agreement between Mr. and Mrs. Balfour did not fall within the scope of the contract.
Consequently, the court of appeals reversed the judgment rendered by Justice Sargent in the lower court and rendered a verdict in favor of Mr. Balfour.

CONCLUSION

The Balfour v. Balfour case is referred to as a landmark judgment as the discussion was incorporated in making a legally binding contract between the married couple. The case was instituted by Mrs. Balfour in the inferior court in 1919, and the judgment went against her husband, Mr. Balfour. However, Mr. Balfour appealed in the court of law against the lower court judgment, and the court of appeals reversed the judgment the lower court gave. The leading point of the judgment is that the intention is essential for the creation of any form of contract. However, the ordinary promise made between the husband and wife is not bound under contract law and remains unenforceable if there is no intention to form a contract. The judgment handed down by Justice Sargant in the lower court was canceled out when the court of appeals upheld Mr. Balfour’s decision. As typical of a happily wed couple, Mr. and Mrs. Balfour agreed. This was purely a domestic arrangement reached between mutual assents. It, therefore, could not be termed legally obligatory.