1. Introduction
The legal framework for complaints against public servants in India has transformed with the Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita (BNSS). This legislation modernizes procedural laws to balance accountability and protection. A key change under the BNSS is the introduction of a hearing opportunity. Before a magistrate takes cognizance of a complaint, the accused public servant can present their perspective. This ensures the incident’s context is thoroughly assessed. It aims to prevent frivolous or unwarranted accusations against public servants.
Introduction of “Deemed Sanction” to Prevent Delays
The BNSS introduces the concept of “deemed sanction,” a significant amendment to address delays in prosecuting public servants. Unlike Section 197 of the Cr.P.C., which lacks automatic sanction provisions, the BNSS sets a clear 120-day timeframe for the competent authority to decide on sanction. If the authority fails to act within 120 days, the sanction is automatically deemed granted. This prevents unnecessary delays and enhances the efficiency of legal proceedings. The change ensures timely justice by reducing bureaucratic hurdles. It aims to balance accountability while avoiding prolonged delays in prosecuting public servants.
Furthermore, the BNSS revises the procedure for ordering investigations under Section 156(3) of the Cr.P.C. This revision mandates a preliminary inquiry by the magistrate and consideration of assertions made by the public servant and the report from a superior officer before ordering an investigation. Inspired by judicial precedents such as Anil Kumar v. M.K. Aiyappa and the subsequent Manju Surana v. Sunil Arora & Ors., these changes are designed to provide a fair and thorough assessment before initiating investigations. Through this detailed analysis, we will explore how the BNSS provisions aim to create a just, efficient, and balanced legal process for handling complaints against public servants, shaping the future of public accountability and protection in India.
2. Opportunity for Hearing Before Cognizance
One of the critical changes introduced by the BNSS is the requirement for an opportunity of hearing for public servants before a magistrate can take cognizance of a complaint. Under Section 223(2) of the BNSS, the following conditions must be met:
- Opportunity for Assertion: The public servant must be given a chance to present their perspective on the incident.[i]
- Superior Officer’s Report: A report containing facts and circumstances of the incident must be received from the officer superior to the public servant.[ii]
The bare text of Section 223(2) reads as follows:
“A Magistrate shall not take cognizance on a complaint against a public servant for any offence alleged to have been committed in the course of the discharge of his official functions or duties unless—
(a) such public servant is given an opportunity to make assertions as to the situation that led to the incident so alleged; and
(b) a report containing facts and circumstances of the incident from the officer superior to such public servant is received.”[iii]
This provision ensures that public servants are not unjustly prosecuted for actions performed as part of their official duties without a preliminary assessment of the context and circumstances.[iv]
3. Provision of “Deemed Sanction
A notable addition to the BNSS is the concept of “deemed sanction.” The existing procedural law under Section 197 of the Cr.P.C. [v]. does not contain a provision for deemed sanction if the competent authority does not decide on the grant of sanction within a specific timeframe. The BNSS, however, introduces a provision under the second proviso to Section 218(1), which states:
“Provided further that such government shall take a decision within a period of one hundred and twenty days from the date of the receipt of the request for sanction and in case it fails to do so, the sanction shall be deemed to have been accorded by such government.” [vi]
This provision aims to prevent unnecessary delays in prosecuting public servants by setting a clear timeframe for the grant of sanction. If the competent authority fails to act within 120 days, the system automatically deems the sanction granted, ensuring timely prosecution of cases.[vii]
4. Changes in the Procedure Under Section 156(3) CrPC
The BNSS also revises the procedure for ordering investigations under Section 156(3) of the Cr.P.C. The existing code empowers the magistrate to order an investigation by police officers upon receiving a private complaint under Section 190 of the Cr.P.C.[viii] The BNSS retains this provision with modifications:
- Magistrate’s Inquiry: Any magistrate empowered to take cognizance of a private complaint may make the order of investigation after inquiring into the complaint and considering the submissions made by the police officer regarding the complaint.[ix]
- Conditions for Investigation: The magistrate must receive a report containing facts and circumstances of the incident from the officer superior to the public servant and consider the assertions made by the public servant before ordering an investigation.[x]
The new provision, Section 175(3) of the BNSS, reads as follows:
“Any magistrate empowered under section 210 may, after considering the application supported by an affidavit made under sub-section (4) of section 173 and after making such inquiry as he thinks necessary and submission made in this regard by the police officer, order such an investigation as above-mentioned.” [xi]
Furthermore, Section 175(4) of the BNSS specifically addresses complaints against public servants:
“Any Magistrate empowered under section 210 may, upon receiving a complaint against a public servant arising in the course of the discharge of his official duties, order investigation, subject to—
(a) receiving a report containing facts and circumstances of the incident from the officer superior to him; and
(b) after consideration of the assertions made by the public servant as to the situation that led to the incident so alleged.”[xii]
5. Judicial Inspiration
The modifications in the BNSS regarding the procedure for complaints against public servants seem to be inspired by judicial precedents. In Anil Kumar v. M.K. Aiyappa [xiv], the Supreme Court held that a magistrate cannot order an investigation against a public servant under Section 156(3) of the Cr.P.C. without previous sanction. However, this view was later questioned in Manju Surana v. Sunil Arora & Ors. [xv], and the matter was referred to a larger bench. [xvi]
The BNSS provisions, while not strictly requiring a sanction, create a new condition that investigators should obtain a report from a senior officer before proceeding with an investigation. This aligns with the judiciary’s emphasis on ensuring due process and protecting public servants from arbitrary investigations.[xvii]
6. Conclusion
The Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita (BNSS) marks a significant evolution in procedural laws for complaints against public servants. It introduces mandatory hearing opportunities to ensure fairness and balance. The concept of deemed sanction prevents delays by automatically granting sanction if authorities fail to act within 120 days. This enhances efficiency in legal proceedings. The BNSS also revises investigation procedures, emphasizing due process. These changes aim to prevent the misuse of legal provisions against public officials. Inspired by judicial precedents, the BNSS balances accountability and protection. It ensures a just and efficient legal framework for handling complaints against public servants.
The opportunity for a hearing ensures that public servants can present their side of the story, providing a crucial layer of protection against unwarranted prosecutions. The deemed sanction provision addresses the issue of bureaucratic delays, ensuring that the system neither delays nor denies justice. The revised procedures for investigations promote a thorough and fair assessment before authorities order any investigation, further protecting public servants from frivolous complaints.
A Forward-Looking Approach to Public Accountability
Overall, the BNSS aims to create a more efficient, fair, and just legal framework for dealing with complaints against public servants. As these provisions come into effect, their impact on the legal landscape and the functioning of public servants will be significant, promoting a culture of accountability while safeguarding the rights of those who serve the public. The BNSS thus represents a balanced and forward-looking approach to public accountability and protection in India.
The BNSS 2023 embodies a forward-looking approach to criminal justice, seeking to address gaps in the previous system and adapt to the evolving needs of society. As these provisions come into effect, they offer a robust framework for managing complaints against public servants, promising a more equitable and transparent system of accountability. The impact of these changes will be closely observed, with the potential to significantly influence the administration of justice and the integrity of public service in India.
[i] Yash Mittal, Changes in BNSS To S.156(3) CrPC Power, Cognizance of Complaints Against Public Servants, Sanction To Prosecute, Live Law (Jan. 09, 2024) https://www.livelaw.in/top-stories/changes-in-bnss-to-s1563-crpc-power-cognizance-of-complaints-against-public-servants-sanction-to-prosecute-246280.
[ii] The Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha (Second) Sanhita, 2023 | A primer on the legislation replacing the Code of Criminal Procedure, 19731 (2/3), Cyril Amarchand Mangaldas (Jan. 02, 2024) https://www.cyrilshroff.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/Client-Alert-The-Bharatiya-Nagarik-Suraksha-Sanhita-2023_part-2.pdf.
[iii] Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023, § 223.
[iv] Mittal, supra note 1.
[v] Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973, § 197.
[vi] Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023, § 218.
[vii] Mittal, supra note 1.
[viii] supra note 2.
[ix] Definition of Public Servant, Drishti IAS (May 16, 2024) https://www.drishtijudiciary.com/current-affairs/definition-of-public-servant
[x] Id.
[xi] Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023, § 175(3).
[xii] Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023, § 175(4).
[xiii] supra note 2.
[xiv] Anil Kumar v. M.K. Aiyappa, (2013) 10 SCC 705.
[xv] Manju Surana v. Sunil Arora & Ors, (2018) 5 SCC 557
[xvi] Ready Reckoner on Offences By Or Relating To Public Servants, Ministry of Home Affairs, https://bprd.nic.in/uploads/pdf/202402021153508337456PUBLICSERVANTS.pdf.
[xvii] Id.
