ANNUAL GENERAL MEETING (AGM) AND EXTRAORDINARY GENERAL MEETINGS (EGM)
Company meetings play a crucial role in corporate governance by ensuring transparency, accountability, and the protection of shareholders’ rights. The Companies Act, 2013 governs different types of company meetings, including the Annual General Meeting (AGM) and Extraordinary General Meeting (EGM). These meetings enable stakeholders to participate in decision-making, review financial statements, approve dividends, and discuss corporate policies.
ANNUAL GENERAL MEETING (AGM)
Corporate governance relies heavily on shareholder meetings, which provide transparency, accountability, and legal compliance. One of the most significant statutory requirements under the Companies Act, 2013 is the Annual General Meeting (AGM), where shareholders review financial statements, approve key business decisions, and ensure corporate oversight.
Definition and Purpose of AGM
An Annual General Meeting (AGM) is a legally mandated meeting that every company, except One Person Companies (OPCs), must hold each year. The primary purpose of the AGM is to allow shareholders to exercise their rights, review financial performance, and approve key corporate matters.
As per Section 96 of the Companies Act, 2013, every company that is not classified as an OPC must conduct an AGM within the prescribed time limit. The main objectives of an AGM include:
● Review of Financial Performance: Shareholders examine the company’s financial statements, profit and loss accounts, and cash flow statements to assess corporate performance.
● Declaration of Dividends: Shareholders approve dividends based on company profits.
● Appointment or Reappointment of Directors and Auditors: Directors and auditors are appointed or reappointed as per legal requirements.
● Corporate Accountability and Transparency: The AGM ensures compliance with governance policies, giving shareholders insights into company affairs.
By providing a structured forum for discussion, AGMs facilitate open communication between the Board of Directors and shareholders, ensuring that financial and strategic decisions align with stakeholder interests.
Applicability of AGM
The requirement for holding an AGM depends on the nature of the company:
Companies Required to Hold AGM
● Private Limited Companies (other than OPCs).
● Public Limited Companies, including listed companies.
● Any company with more than one shareholder must hold an AGM.
Companies Exempt from Holding AGM
● One Person Companies (OPCs): Since OPCs have only one shareholder, an AGM is unnecessary.
● Small Companies and Startups (under certain conditions): These companies may be granted exemptions based on regulatory amendments.
Holding an AGM is a fundamental requirement under company law, ensuring that companies remain answerable to their shareholders.
Timeframe for Holding AGM
The Companies Act, 2013, lays down specific timeframes for holding AGMs:
● First AGM: Must be conducted within nine months from the end of the first financial year. If the first AGM is held within this period, another AGM is not required in the same year.
● Subsequent AGMs: Must be held within six months after the end of the financial year, but not later than fifteen months from the previous AGM.
Practical Implications of Timeframe
● If a company’s financial year ends on March 31, its first AGM must be held by December 31 of the same year.
● Subsequent AGMs must be held before September 30 each year, ensuring adherence to statutory requirements.
Failure to hold an AGM within the prescribed timeframe can lead to penalties under Section 99 of the Act.
Key Agenda Items in AGM
The AGM serves as a platform for shareholders to participate in decision-making and approve significant resolutions. Some of the essential agenda items include:
Approval of Financial Statements
As per Section 129, the company must present audited financial statements to shareholders for approval. This includes:
● Balance Sheet
● Profit and Loss Account
● Cash Flow Statement
● Director’s Report
Declaration of Dividends
Under Section 123, companies distribute dividends only after shareholder approval at the AGM. Shareholders may:
● Approve or reject the recommended dividend.
● Demand reinvestment of profits instead of dividend payouts.
Appointment or Reappointment of Directors
● As per Section 152, at least one-third of the directors must retire by rotation at every AGM.
● Retiring directors may be reappointed by shareholders.
● Special resolutions are required for reappointment of independent directors beyond their tenure.
Appointment or Reappointment of Auditors
● Under Section 139, auditors are appointed for five-year terms.
● Under Section 142, auditor remuneration must be approved at the AGM.
Other Business Matters
● Shareholders may discuss policy changes, mergers, acquisitions, or other special resolutions.
● Matters requiring shareholder voting are decided through ordinary or special resolutions.
Legal Provisions Governing AGM
Several legal provisions regulate AGMs:
● Section 96: Mandates the holding of AGMs and defines their timeline.
● Section 102: Requires the company to provide shareholders with a detailed agenda and explanatory statements before the meeting.
● Section 129: Requires financial statements to be presented and approved at the AGM.
● Section 134: Mandates the Board of Directors to submit a Director’s Report summarizing company performance.
● Section 142: Governs the approval of auditor remuneration at the AGM.
Compliance with these provisions ensures fairness, transparency, and legal accountability in shareholder meetings.
Non-Compliance and Penalties for Not Holding AGM
Failure to hold an AGM attracts serious penalties under Section 99 of the Companies Act, 2013:
Penalties Imposed
● Company Fine: Up to ₹1,00,000.
● Officer-in-Default Fine: Additional ₹5,000 per day for continued default.
● Legal Consequences: Shareholders may file complaints with the Registrar of Companies (ROC) or seek intervention from the National Company Law Tribunal (NCLT).
Impact of Non-Compliance
● Regulatory scrutiny and possible legal action.
● Loss of shareholder confidence and reputational damage.
● Financial penalties that may impact business operations.
Companies must ensure timely AGMs to avoid legal repercussions and maintain compliance.
The Annual General Meeting (AGM) serves as the backbone of corporate governance, ensuring that companies remain transparent, accountable, and legally compliant. It provides shareholders with the opportunity to:
● Review financial performance.
● Approve dividends and key business decisions.
● Appoint or reappoint directors and auditors.
Failure to hold an AGM attracts significant penalties and legal consequences under the Companies Act, 2013. Through AGMs, companies foster shareholder trust and regulatory adherence, making them a fundamental aspect of corporate democracy.
EXTRAORDINARY GENERAL MEETING (EGM)
Corporate decision-making requires timely shareholder intervention, especially for urgent matters that cannot wait until the next Annual General Meeting (AGM). The Extraordinary General Meeting (EGM) is a crucial mechanism that allows companies to address critical issues that arise unexpectedly. Unlike AGMs, which are held annually, EGMs are convened on demand to resolve pressing business concerns.
Definition and Purpose of EGM
An Extraordinary General Meeting (EGM) is any shareholder meeting convened outside the AGM schedule to discuss and approve urgent matters requiring immediate attention. EGMs ensure that companies can act swiftly on significant corporate events without waiting for the next AGM.
Key Objectives of an EGM
● Address Urgent Business Decisions: Major decisions like mergers, acquisitions, or amendments to the company’s constitution cannot always be deferred.
● Ensure Shareholder Involvement: EGMs provide a structured forum for shareholders to approve significant business changes.
● Maintain Corporate Compliance: Companies must obtain shareholder approval for certain transactions to remain compliant with corporate laws.
EGMs are particularly important for companies undergoing restructuring, facing legal disputes, or requiring immediate financial adjustments.
Legal Provisions Governing EGM
The Companies Act, 2013 governs the process of calling and conducting an EGM. The primary statutory provision regulating EGMs is Section 100, which specifies the following:
Who Can Call an EGM?
1. Board of Directors (Section 100(1))
o The Board may call an EGM whenever it deems necessary to address urgent matters.
2. Shareholders Holding at Least 10% of Voting Power (Section 100(2))
o If the Board refuses or delays an EGM, shareholders holding at least 10% of the company’s paid-up share capital can request an EGM.
o If the Board fails to call an EGM within 45 days of receiving a valid request, shareholders can convene the meeting themselves.
3. National Company Law Tribunal (NCLT) (Section 100(3))
o In cases of oppression or mismanagement, the NCLT can order an EGM if it believes that shareholder rights are being undermined.
By defining the authority to call an EGM, Section 100 ensures that shareholders and regulatory bodies can intervene when necessary.
When is an EGM Required?
EGMs are conducted when urgent issues arise that cannot be postponed until the next AGM. Some common reasons for convening an EGM include:
1. Amendments to Memorandum or Articles of Association
● Any modification to a company’s Memorandum of Association (MoA) or Articles of Association (AoA) requires shareholder approval.
● Relevant Provisions:
o Section 13 – Amendment of the MoA.
o Section 14 – Amendment of the AoA.
2. Approval of Mergers or Acquisitions
● Under Sections 230-232, mergers, acquisitions, and corporate restructuring plans require shareholder approval via a special resolution at an EGM.
3. Appointment or Removal of Directors
● Shareholders may remove a director before the completion of their tenure through an EGM.
● Relevant Provision:
o Section 169 – Shareholders can pass an ordinary resolution to remove a director before their term ends.
4. Raising Additional Capital
● Companies may need to issue new shares, debentures, or convertible securities to raise funds.
● Relevant Provision:
o Section 62 – Companies must seek shareholder approval before issuing additional securities.
5. Corporate Restructuring or Liquidation
● Companies may voluntarily decide to wind up operations, requiring shareholder consent at an EGM.
● Relevant Provision:
o Section 271 – Shareholders must approve voluntary winding-up through a special resolution.
By facilitating prompt decision-making, EGMs play a vital role in ensuring corporate agility and governance compliance.
Notice Requirements for EGM
Legal Requirements for Notice
● A minimum notice of 21 days must be sent to all shareholders before convening an EGM.
● Notice can be sent via registered post, electronic mail, or courier services.
Contents of the EGM Notice (As per Section 102)
1. Date, Time, and Venue: Specifies when and where the meeting will be held.
2. Agenda of the Meeting: Lists the topics to be discussed.
3. Explanatory Statements: Provides context for the proposed resolutions.
Failure to provide proper notice may render resolutions invalid, making compliance a critical aspect of EGM proceedings.
Types of Resolutions Passed in an EGM
Resolutions at an EGM can be classified into two types:
1. Ordinary Resolutions: Passed with a simple majority (more than 50% of votes). Used for general business decisions, such as the appointment of directors.
2. Special Resolutions: Require at least 75% of votes to be approved. Used for major corporate changes, including amendments to the MoA, AoA, mergers, or winding-up.
The type of resolution required depends on the nature and significance of the decision being made.
Consequences of Not Holding an EGM When Required
Failure to conduct an EGM when necessary can result in:
1. Legal Action by Shareholders: Shareholders can approach the NCLT to compel the company to hold an EGM. If shareholder rights are being violated, the NCLT may intervene under Sections 241-242 of the Companies Act.
2. Fines and Penalties: Companies that fail to convene an EGM despite shareholder requests can face penalties under the Companies Act, 2013. Directors who intentionally prevent an EGM from being held may be held personally liable.
Non-compliance can undermine corporate governance and expose the company to legal and financial risks.
Reference
Taxmann’s Company Law And Practice
