CASE BRIEF: LEO ROY FREY v. SUPDT., DISTT. JAIL, 1957 SCC ONLINE SC 49

CASE NAME	Leo Roy Frey v. Supdt., Distt. Jail, 1957 SCC OnLine SC 49
CITATION	1958 AIR 119, 1958 SCR 822, 1958 SCJ 301, 1958 MADLJ(CRI) 289
COURT	Supreme Court of India
BENCH	Hon’ble Chief Justice S.R. Das, Justice T.L. Venkatarama Ayyar, Justice S.K. Das, Justice A.K. Sarkar And Justice Vivian Bose
PETITIONERS	Leo Roy Frey
RESPONDENT	Supdt., Distt. Jail and Others
DECIDED ON	decided on 31st October, 1957

INTRODUCTION

Section 120B of the Indian Penal Code states that anyone involved in a criminal conspiracy to commit an offense that carries a sentence of death, life imprisonment, or rigorous imprisonment for a term of two years or more will be punished with imprisonment of either kind for a term that may extend to three years in addition to being subject to fines. In another way, Section 120B specifies the penalties for those who engage in a criminal conspiracy to commit significant offenses. The penalty may include a fine, a maximum three-year term in jail, or both. The severity of the crime being planned will determine the precise punishment.

It’s crucial to remember that in order to convict someone of criminal conspiracy, the prosecution must show beyond a reasonable doubt that two or more people conspired to commit an illegal act and that an overt act was carried out to further that agreement. The question of whether a conspiracy can be proven even in the absence of a written agreement amongst the conspirators was addressed in this case. The Supreme Court ruled that a conspiracy can be deduced from the facts and the parties’ behavior alone and that a written agreement is not required to prove a conspiracy.

FACTS OF THE CASE

The petitioner, Leo Roy Frey, bought an automobile (number C.D. 75 TT 6587) from an American Embassy official in Paris; then, in May 1957, he sold it to the second petitioner, Thomas Dana. On May 18, 1957, the vehicle was registered under Dana’s name. Subsequently, both petitioners scheduled their trips on the ship s.s. ASIA to depart from Geneva for Bombay and sent their car on the same ship. They disembarked at Karachi on June 11, 1957, stopped briefly, and then took off for Bombay, arriving the same day. The petitioners stayed at the Ambassador Hotel in Bombay from June 11 to June 19, 1957. They took a plane to Delhi on June 19 and spent June 19–29 lodging at the Janpath Hotel. On June 22, the two petitioners drove together from Delhi to Amritsar when their automobile, which had been transported by rail from Bombay to Delhi, arrived. After spending a night in Amritsar, they left India on June 23, 1957, and proceeded to the Attari Road Land Customs Station to enter Pakistan.

They had to fill out Baggage Declaration Forms at the customs station, listing everything they had, including items that were dutiable, subject to export trade control, or restricted in terms of foreign exchange. When the petitioners completed and submitted the papers, the customs authorities searched them and discovered things and cash that were not reported. They found a clock and a pocket radio on Dana and a. 22-bore pistol with 48 live rounds in Frey’s possession. On June 23, 1957, both petitioners were taken into custody. Following additional interrogation, a secret room above the car’s gasoline tank was found during a thorough investigation on June 30, 1957. Customs officials discovered $10,000 in US money hidden in the hidden compartment, along with Rs. 8,50,000 in Indian rupees. The cops took custody of the vehicle and the money.

The petitioners were sent notices under Section 167(8) of the Sea Customs Act on July 7 and July 9, 1957, asking them to provide justification for not being penalized and for not having the seized goods confiscated. The Collector of Central Excise and Land Customs issued an order for the car and currency to be seized following hearings and written arguments. Dana, on the other hand, was informed that she could redeem the automobile for Rs. 50,000 and the other seized things for Rs. 100. In addition, the adjudicating officer penalized both petitioners Rs. 25,00,000 for their respective roles in the infraction; the payment had to be paid back within two months or at his discretion.

Under the Foreign Exchange Regulations Act and the Sea Customs Act, the Assistant Collector of Customs filed a complaint against Frey, Dana, and one other person, Moshe Baruk, on August 12, 1957. In addition, allegations of conspiracy under Section 120-B of the Indian Penal Code (IPC) and violations of the Foreign Exchange Regulations Act and Sea Customs Act were added in a second complaint.

ISSUES RAISED

Whether the petitioners are being prosecuted before the Additional District Magistrate for the identical offense for which they were previously found guilty and sentenced?

ARGUMENTS FROM BOTH SIDES

Argument on behalf of the appellant

According to Article 20(2) of the Constitution, their fundamental rights have been violated.
The petitioners have already been prosecuted and punished for the offense of importation and attempted exportation of goods, the importation or exportation of which is currently prohibited or restricted by or under chap. IV of the Sea Customs Act. As a result, they cannot be prosecuted and punished for the same offense again. The petition draws support from the observations made in the decisions of the Madras High Court in Collector of Customs v. A. H. A. Rahiman and the Calcutta High Court in Assistant Collector v. Soorajmal.
The contention is that the petitioners’ protection under Art. The ongoing procedures before the Additional District Magistrate violate 20(2) of the Constitution. This Court concluded in its opinion that the Collector acts judicially when imposing confiscation and fines.

Argument on behalf of the respondent

Leo Roy Frey and Thomas Dana, the petitioners, were discovered to be in possession of a sizable quantity of foreign and Indian currency stashed away in a hidden compartment of their vehicle. The Sea Customs Act of 1878 forbids the smuggling of products and the unlawful export or import of any commodities, including money, without the required documentation. This act violated Section 167(8) of that act.
Section 8(1) of the Foreign Exchange Regulation Act (FERA), 1947, which governs the import/export of foreign exchange and the export of Indian currency, was also broken by hiding foreign currency. The significant quantities of cash found suggested a purposeful attempt to break these regulations.
The petitioners’ attempt to enter Pakistan without making the required declaration and depart India demonstrated a concerted effort to break customs and foreign exchange legislation, highlighting their intention to commit a cross-border violation. The Indian Penal Code (IPC), Section 120-B, which addresses criminal conspiracy, may be cited by the respondents.
Each petitioner was charged a personal penalty of Rs. 25,00,000 for violating Section 167(8) of the Sea Customs Act. Respondent would contend that considering the significant quantity of hidden currency and the possible damage that illegal currency smuggling could do to the Indian economy, the punishment was appropriate for the seriousness of the act.
Furthermore, the seizure of the vehicle and additional items constituted a lawful use of authority. An administrative decision was made to penalize the offenders while permitting them to keep possession of their property under specific restrictions, and one alternative was to redeem the car by paying Rs. 50,000.

JUDGMENT

The Hon’ble Supreme Court observed that Art. 20(2) could not be used because the petitioners were not and could not be charged with criminal conspiracy before the Collector of Customs. Given this perspective, it is not necessary for us to discuss whether or not the words used in Art. 20 contemplate only proceedings of the kind of criminal proceedings before a court of law or a judicial tribunal as they are typically understood or to make reference to the case of Maqbool Hussain v. The State of Bombay. The petition was henceforth dismissed.

ANALYSIS & CONCLUSION

Section 167(8) of the Sea Customs Act applied to the procedures before the customs authorities. According to Section 186 of the Act, a Customs officer’s decision to confiscate property, impose a fine, or increase a duty rate does not stop them from punishing someone for crimes for which they may be held accountable. The petitioners are currently facing charges for offenses that include one that violates Indian Penal Code Section 120B. The Indian Penal Code established the crime of criminal conspiracy and made it punishable.

The Sea Customs Act does not consider this to be a crime. Conspiracy to commit a crime is a distinct crime from the crime it is intended to commit because the former occurs before the crime is attempted or finished and is complete before the latter does. Similarly, an attempted or finished crime does not need conspiracy as one of its components. They are, however, totally separate offenses.

In this case, the court carefully examined the scope of Art. 20 of the Constitution and the Arms Act in deciding the maintainability of the claim of criminal conspiracy against the accused. The Court dealt with due procedure followed and thus held its judgment.