CASE NAME	Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Co
CITATION	[1893] 1 QB 256
COURT	Court of Appeal (UK)
BENCH	Lord Justice Bowen, Lord Justice Lindley and Lord Justice A L Smith
CLAIMANT	Carlill
DEFENDANT	The Carbolic Smoke Ball Company
DECIDED ON	December 8th, 1892

INTRODUCTION

It is widely acknowledged that English contract law is a landmark piece of legislation because it has established significant decisions that have influenced the formation of concepts and circumstances that challenge the preconceived assumptions of the judges. The infamous case of Carlill vs. Carbolic Smoke Ball Company (1892), which was brought before the Court of Appeal in the United Kingdom, is an example of a similar case. The fact that an advertisement that contains a promise that is contingent upon some kind of performance can be considered an offer of a unilateral contract is established as a fundamental concept by this. 

Within the context of the case of Weeks vs. Tybald (1605), the court made the suggestion that an offer must be made to a specific individual. The defendant made a public statement in which he stated that he would provide one hundred Euros to any man who would marry his daughter after gaining his authorization. This statement led to the emergence of this lawsuit. According to the claimant, he did so and filed a lawsuit against the defendant for one hundred Euros. Nevertheless, the court observed that it is impossible to deny that the remarks were addressed to him in this particular instance.

To put it another way, it was not entirely clear to whom the statements actually were addressed. This resulted in a number of problems being raised, the most important of which is whether or not a proposal of this sort, which is presented to a number of different parties, would be accepted. Moreover, the question is whether the person making the offer would be legally committed to several agreements. 

Although this decision was reversed in a relatively short time, the current viewpoint is that an offer can be extended to the nations of the world. The fact that the contract is only made with those individuals who take action and comply with the terms of such a proposal is an essential point to keep in mind in situations like these circumstances. As stated in Anson’s contract law, this concept states, “An offer need not be made to an ascertained person, but no contract can arise until an ascertained person has accepted it.” This principle is fundamental to the law of contract.

FACTS

The defendant, Carbolic Smoke Ball Company, advertised their products in the newspaper. The advertisement explained that any person who bought and used the product but caught influenza strictly following the instructions would qualify for a £100 reward. The company also featured in its advertisement an expression they had made of their bona fides by paying £1000 into a bank account as a reward. Mrs. Carlill then purchased smoke balls, which she used properly but then contracted influenza. She then tried to recover the £100 reward against the defendants. Defendants argued that they could not be bound by advertisement as it was a mere invitation to treat and not offer.

They argued that the advertisement was “pure puff,” that is, had no real intent to create a contract: it was impossible to make an offer “to the world”; the applicant had not, in fact, supplied acceptance; the phrases of the advertisement were not sufficiently specific; and there was no consideration without which no binding agreement arises.

ISSUE RAISED

The following four issues were raised before the Court of Appeal (UK):

1. Whether the contract had a binding effect on the disputing parties?
2. Whether a formal notification of acceptance was required from the claimant?
3. Whether accepting the terms of the offer is sufficient to form a contract?
4. Whether or not there was any consideration on the part of the claimant in exchange for the reward of 100 pounds as offered by the Carbolic Smoke Ball Company?

 APPELANT’S ARGUMENTS

Mrs. Carlill filed a lawsuit, contending that the parties had a contract as a result of the company’s advertisement and her reliance on it in the purchase and use of the Smoke Ball. It was contended that:

• The advertisement was evidently an offer; it was intended to be read and acted upon and not a mere boast.
• The advertisement was distributed to the general public, and a contract is established upon the completion of the specified action. 

• Acceptance is established by the mere act of performing the act; additional communication is unnecessary. For instance, it was never intended that an individual who intends to utilize the smoke ball visit the office to obtain a reiteration of the advertisement’s claims.
• When an offer is extended to the entire world, nothing can be imported beyond the fulfillment of the conditions. Notice prior to the event is not necessary; the advertisement is an offer extended to any individual who meets the prerequisites.

• The terms are not excessively vague or uncertain. 

• The defendants would benefit from an increased sale, regardless of whether Mrs. Carlill purchased the balls directly from the defendant or through a middleman. 
• It was observed that there were numerous potential constructions regarding the absence of a time limit; it is possible that “a fortnight’s use will render an individual safe for a reasonable period.”

RESPONDENT’S ARGUMENTS

Carbolic Smoke Ball Co contended that there was no bound contract. They contended that the advertisement’s language conveyed an intention but did not constitute a commitment. They also put forth the following argument:

• The advertisement was insufficiently specific to qualify as a contract, as it did not specify a time frame and it would be impossible to verify whether the ball had been used appropriately.
• The plaintiff did not provide any consideration; the terms of the alleged contract would allow an individual who stole and used the balls to claim the reward.
• In order to establish a contract by fulfilling a condition, there must be either a communication of intention to accept the offer or the performance of an overt act. In particular, the solitary act of performing an act in private is insufficient.
• If there was a contract, it was a “wagering” contract, which was void under the current statute.

JUDGEMENT

This groundbreaking decision elucidates the potential consequences of unilateral contracts when advertisers fail to exercise caution and present their offers to the general public. This case aids in the resistance of large corporations by ordinary individuals. The judgment is of paramount importance in the realm of contract law, particularly in the context of unilateral contracts. As a result of this incident, major corporations and other organizations became increasingly cautious about the content they promoted to the general public. 

This case is evidence that a poorly executed marketing strategy can result in substantial losses for companies and lead to their involvement in litigation. 

There are additional instances of unilateral contracts. For instance, if a person or pet goes missing, and the family or proprietor of the missing person posts a poster featuring their name and photograph and offers a reward in the event of any pertinent information, this can be considered a unilateral contract. This is an offer that is extended to the general public. Acceptance of the offer shall be presumed upon the discovery of the individual or creature. This places the offeror under an obligation to fulfill their portion of the agreement to compensate the individual who located the absent person or pet. 

CONCLUSION

The case of Carlill v. Carbolic Smoke Ball Co. is frequently referenced in its adoption under contract law. The concept of unilateral contracts is introduced in the case. The Carbolic Smoke Ball Co. was found to have lost its argument in the case. 

The Court of Appeal rejected the defendant’s reasonings and arguments, which determined that Ms. Carlill’s lawsuit regarding the receipt of a reward of 100 pounds was valid. Despite the absence of communication of acceptance, the contract was completely binding between the parties. The company has made a substantial commitment to entering into a contract, as evidenced by its deposit of 1,000 pounds in the Alliance Bank.

The court determined that Ms. Carlill should receive the compensation specified in the advertisement, which is 100 pounds, in order to account for the inconvenience she experienced.