CASE NAME	Pranami Trading Pvt Ltd vs Kieon Developers Pvt Ltd
CITATION	Company Appeal (AT) (INS) No.96 of 2019
COURT	National Company Law Appellate Tribunal
Bench	A.I.S. Cheema
Date of Decision	11 June, 2019

Introduction

The case of Pranami Trading Pvt. Ltd. vs. Kieon Developers Pvt. Ltd. serves as an important precedent in India’s evolving insolvency jurisprudence. This decision, rendered by the National Company Law Appellate Tribunal (NCLAT), addresses crucial issues of limitation and debt acknowledgment under the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (IBC), 2016.

The dispute arose when Pranami Trading Pvt. Ltd., a financial creditor, sought to initiate corporate insolvency resolution proceedings (CIRP) against Kieon Developers Pvt. Ltd., the corporate debtor. The claim originated from a property transaction where the corporate debtor had failed to refund Rs. 60 lakhs as per the agreed terms. However, the National Company Law Tribunal (NCLT) dismissed the application under Section 7 of the IBC, ruling that the claim was barred by limitation.

On appeal, the NCLAT reversed the decision, emphasizing the principles of debt acknowledgment and recurring liability. The tribunal underscored the continuous accrual of liability through periodic financial obligations and reaffirmed the IBC’s intent to facilitate legitimate creditor claims. This ruling reinforces the judiciary’s role in interpreting statutory provisions to ensure procedural fairness and access to insolvency remedies, thus shaping India’s insolvency framework.

FACTS

The appellant, Pranami Trading Pvt. Ltd., is a financial creditor that sought to initiate a Corporate Insolvency Resolution Process (CIRP) against the corporate debtor, Kieon Developers Pvt. Ltd., for failing to refund Rs. 60 lakh as per agreed terms. The dispute originated from a real estate transaction wherein Pranami Trading had booked a flat with Kieon Developers on May 16, 2012, making an advance payment of Rs. 60 lakh. Subsequently, both parties mutually agreed to cancel the booking through a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) executed on July 16, 2012. The MoU stipulated that Kieon Developers would refund the booking amount within 18 months, along with biannual payments of Rs. 8,10,000 until the full amount was repaid.

Despite these contractual obligations, Kieon Developers defaulted. While some partial payments were made in 2012 and 2013, the principal sum and further dues remained unpaid. Instead of repaying the amount, the corporate debtor issued cheques, which later bounced. In response, Pranami Trading attempted to enforce the MoU’s provision, seeking ownership of the flat, but found that Kieon Developers had created third-party rights over the property. This led the financial creditor to initiate legal proceedings, including L.C. Suit No. 954 of 2014, before the City Civil Court in Mumbai.

A crucial development occurred on July 21, 2017, when Kieon Developers, in its written statement, admitted to having received the money from Pranami Trading but claimed that it was a loan transaction rather than a property dispute. Based on this acknowledgment of liability, Pranami Trading filed an application under Section 7 of the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (IBC), 2016, before the National Company Law Tribunal (NCLT), Mumbai. However, the tribunal dismissed the application, ruling that the claim was barred by limitation.

Pranami Trading appealed the decision before the National Company Law Appellate Tribunal (NCLAT), arguing that the recurring financial obligations under the MoU kept the debt alive and that the written statement from Kieon Developers constituted an acknowledgment of debt, extending the limitation period. The NCLAT ultimately overturned the NCLT’s decision, holding that the unpaid financial obligations created a continuing liability. The tribunal further emphasized that the outstanding amount exceeded Rs. 1 lakh, meeting the threshold for CIRP initiation.

This case raised significant questions about the interpretation of limitation laws, the nature of financial transactions, and the acknowledgment of debt in insolvency proceedings. The ruling reaffirmed creditors’ rights in enforcing repayment obligations and reinforced the judiciary’s role in ensuring fair access to insolvency remedies under the IBC.

ISSUES

1. Whether the dismissal of Pranami Trading Pvt. Ltd.’s Section 7 application on the grounds of limitation was legally justified under the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (IBC), 2016, considering the acknowledgment of debt and recurring financial obligations.
2. Whether the Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) executed between Pranami Trading Pvt. Ltd. and Kieon Developers Pvt. Ltd. established a financial debt enforceable under the IBC, particularly in light of partial payments and the corporate debtor’s subsequent default.
3. Whether the National Company Law Tribunal (NCLT) erred in rejecting the insolvency application without fully considering the acknowledgment of liability by Kieon Developers Pvt. Ltd. in its written statement, which could have extended the limitation period.

ARGUMENTS FROM BOTH SIDES 

Arguments by the petitioners

• The petitioner argued that the written statement filed by Kieon Developers Pvt. Ltd. on July 21, 2017, acknowledging receipt of Rs. 60 lakh, constituted an acknowledgment of debt under Section 18 of the Limitation Act, 1963. This acknowledgment effectively extended the limitation period, making the insolvency application under Section 7 of the IBC timely and maintainable.
• Pranami Trading asserted that the MoU dated July 16, 2012, created a financial debt under Section 5(8) of the IBC. The corporate debtor had agreed to refund the principal amount with periodic payments of Rs. 8,10,000, akin to interest. This established a clear financial liability, justifying the petitioner’s claim as a financial creditor.
• The petitioner contended that the MoU explicitly stipulated periodic payments until the principal was repaid, creating a recurring financial obligation. The failure to make these payments amounted to continuous default, reinforcing the legitimacy of the Section 7 application.
• The petitioner argued that the NCLT failed to consider the recurring nature of the debt and the acknowledgment of liability, both of which extended the limitation period. The tribunal’s narrow interpretation of the limitation law led to an erroneous dismissal of a valid financial claim.

Arguments by the Respondents

• The respondent contended that the petitioner’s claim was barred by limitation, as the alleged default occurred in 2013 when the repayment was due. The insolvency application was filed in 2018, well beyond the three-year limitation period prescribed under the Limitation Act of 1963.
• Kieron Developers argued that the MoU was merely an agreement to refund an advance amount, not a financial loan or disbursal of funds for the time value of money. Therefore, the transaction did not qualify as a financial debt under Section 5(8) of the IBC, rendering the Section 7 application untenable.
• The corporate debtor maintained that partial payments made in 2012 and 2013 were not acknowledgments of liability but rather goodwill gestures. Further, the written statement in 2017 did not explicitly acknowledge an enforceable debt and, therefore, did not reset the limitation period.

DECISION

In Pranami Trading Pvt. Ltd. vs. Kieon Developers Pvt. Ltd., the National Company Law Appellate Tribunal (NCLAT) addressed critical issues related to the limitation, acknowledgment of debt, and the recurring nature of financial obligations under the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (IBC), 2016.

The tribunal ruled that the National Company Law Tribunal (NCLT) had erred in dismissing the insolvency application under Section 7 on the grounds of limitation. It held that the Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) dated July 16, 2012, explicitly created financial obligations that continued until full repayment. The tribunal emphasized that the recurring biannual payments of Rs. 8,10,000 demonstrated an ongoing liability, extending the limitation period. Furthermore, the written statement filed by Kieon Developers on July 21, 2017, acknowledging receipt of funds, was deemed a valid acknowledgment of debt under Section 18 of the Limitation Act, 1963, thereby resetting the limitation period.

Consequently, the NCLAT overturned the NCLT’s decision and directed the Adjudicating Authority to admit the Section 7 application. It ordered the initiation of a Corporate Insolvency Resolution Process (CIRP) against Kieon Developers Pvt. Ltd., ensuring that the corporate debtor was given an opportunity to settle claims within the IBC framework. This ruling reinforced the principles of statutory interpretation and procedural fairness in insolvency proceedings, reaffirming creditors’ rights under the IBC.

CONCLUSION 

The National Company Law Appellate Tribunal (NCLAT), in the case of Pranami Trading Pvt. Ltd. vs. Kieon Developers Pvt. Ltd., emphasized the importance of proper acknowledgment of debt and timely actions under the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (IBC), 2016. The Appellant claimed that the Respondent failed to comply with the terms of the MOU, resulting in delayed payments and non-repayment of the principal amount. Furthermore, the Appellant argued that the written statement filed by the Respondent in the pending suit should have reset the limitation period, but the Adjudicating Authority dismissed the Section 7 application on the grounds of limitation.

The NCLAT, however, observed that the written statement did not constitute an acknowledgment of debt under Section 18 of the Limitation Act, which led to the dismissal of the application. The Tribunal’s decision to remit the matter back to the Adjudicating Authority highlights the necessity of revisiting the application with a fair assessment of the acknowledgment of debt and its implications for the limitation period.

This ruling underscores the significance of timely and valid acknowledgment in insolvency matters, reminding stakeholders to ensure compliance with legal timelines and procedural integrity. The case sets a precedent in ensuring that limitation issues are appropriately considered in corporate insolvency proceedings.