CASE NAME	Subhash Shamrao Pachunde v. State of Maharashtra, (2006) 1 SCC 384
CITATION	(2005) 10 SCALE 85, 2005 AIR SCW 6440, 2006 CRI. L. J. 546, 2006 (1) AIR BOM R 701, (2006) 1 EASTCRIC 228, 2006 CRILR(SC MAH GUJ) 187
COURT	Supreme Court of India
BENCH	Hon’ble Justice S.B. Sinha and Justice P.P. Naolekar
APPELLANT	Subhash Shamrao Pachunde
RESPONDENT	State of Maharashtra
DECIDED ON	8th December 2005

INTRODUCTION

With a focus on the differences between culpable homicide and murder as defined by Sections 299 and 300 of the Indian Penal Code (IPC), the case Subhash Shamrao Pachunde vs. the State of Maharashtra addresses the fundamentals of criminal responsibility under the IPC. The Supreme Court discussed the significance of knowledge, intent, and the conditions that lead an act to go from culpable homicide that does not qualify as murder to murder.

This case brought to light issues of strained relationships and property disputes after a tragic altercation occurred inside a joint family. The accused’s conduct during the encounter was to be examined by the court in light of provocation, intention, and the use of lethal weapons. In order to ascertain whether the deceased’s fatal injuries were the consequence of a willful attempt to kill or were caused by circumstances that mitigated the charge of culpable homicide, not amounting to murder, the ruling carefully examined the testimony and supporting evidence.

In order to determine the extent of culpability, the ruling emphasizes the significance of evaluating the accused’s mental condition, the type of injuries sustained, and the chronology of events. This case sets a noteworthy precedent for understanding the subtle differences found in India’s criminal homicide statutes.

FACTS OF THE CASE

The case centers on a dispute about property division between members of a joint family. The deceased Nandkumar and the complainant Rajendra were Prahlad’s sons, while Shamrao, the first accused, and Prahlad were brothers. Accused Nos. 2 through 5 were from Shamrao’s branch. After a family division in 1984, the southern part of an open plot was given to Shamrao’s branch and the northern part to Prahlad’s branch, with a 15-foot-wide road separating them. Their residential homes were located next to each other, and claims of unfair property distribution caused the families’ tense relationship.

When accused Nos. 2 and 3 questioned Rajendra and Nandkumar, who were standing on their side of the plot on the day of the incident, the accused were planting an almond tree on their section of the plot. The accused hurried with weapons toward the brothers when they retorted that they were on their own land. Shamrao was carrying an iron rod, while No. 2 was carrying a dagger, No. 3 was carrying a pickaxe, and No. 4 was carrying a shovel. The complainant and Nandkumar fell into a gutter while they were retreating south toward the accused’s property.

Rajendra allegedly suffered injuries to his right foot and back as a result of Shamrao and Tanaji attacking him with a shovel and an iron rod. The appellant fatally injured Nandkumar’s armpit and chest after attacking him with a knife. Accused No. 4, Ganpati struck Nandkumar’s stomach with a pickaxe. Two of Rajendra’s buddies, Raju (PW9) and Shrirang Jadhav (PW10) were on their way back from a temple when they observed the attack.

The accused ran away after the assault. Rajendra proceeded to the police station to file a complaint, and Nandkumar was driven to the hospital in a rickshaw. The defendants were accused of violating Section 307, read with Section 34 of the Indian Penal Code in the first information report (FIR), which was filed at 8:15 p.m. The attending physician notified the police shortly after that Nandkumar had passed away from his wounds.

Reflecting the long-standing hostility within the family, the case revolves around the altercation, the alleged use of lethal weapons, and the circumstances leading to Nandkumar’s fatal injuries.

ISSUES RAISED

Whether or not the appellant’s crime of causing Nandkumar’s death would fall under the fourth exception to Section 300 I.P.C.

ARGUMENTS FROM BOTH SIDES

Arguments on behalf of the appellant

• It was argued that, given that the prosecution’s story was partially disbelieved, we should take into account the conclusions of the lower courts that found the appellant guilty of committing an offense under Section 302 I.P.C. 
• According to the argument, it cannot be stated that the appellant had any intention or motive to cause the death of the deceased and the injuries to P.W. 8 caused by accused nos. 1 and 4 because the incident did, in fact, take place on his father’s allotment. 
• Additionally, Learned Counsel argued that the knife in Exhibit 31 was not blood-stained hence its alleged recovery was pointless. 
• In addition, it was argued that the appellant at most committed an offense under Part II of Section 304 of the Indian Penal Code since both lower courts concurrently determined that the incident happened spontaneously without any prior planning or agreement. 
• All of the accused’s weapons, which they had brought with them to plant the almond tree, were on hand. Mr. Mohta further argued that the fourth exception to Section 300 of the I.P.C. would apply in this kind of situation. 

Arguments on behalf of the respondent

The prosecution’s case has been backed up by both the complainant and independent eyewitnesses. Additionally, since the appellant, in this case, caused two knife wounds to the deceased’s vital body, the fourth exception to Section 300 of the I.P.C. does not apply.

JUDGMENT

The presence of specific mens rea, which is made up of four mental attitudes, distinguishes the crimes of culpable homicide and murder from one another. The presence of any one of these attitudes makes the lesser offense more serious. According to Section 300 IPC, these viewpoints differentiate murder from culpable homicide, which does not qualify as murder. The following are the components of the aforementioned Exception 4: (i) there must be an unexpected altercation; (ii) there was no premeditation; (iii) the act was performed in a fit of rage; and (iv) the attacker had not acted cruelly or unfairly. If the aforementioned components are present, the reason for the argument would not matter as much as who initiated the attack or provocation. Unquestionably, though, the incident had to be unexpected and unplanned, and the perpetrator had to have acted out of rage.

According to Section 300 of the I.P.C., the reported blows to the deceased’s body were clearly intended to cause him bodily harm, and if those harms were severe enough to result in death in the normal course of events, the offense would fall under the definition of culpable homicide amounting to murder. The Court determined that it is not a suitable case in which a different opinion from that of the trial court and the High Court can be reached, taking into account the facts and circumstances of the current case as well as the previously mentioned reasons. The appellant in this case was rightfully found guilty by both courts of violating Section 302 of the I.P.C. Since the appeal has no validity, it is denied.

CONCLUSION

To ascertain the nature of the offense, the Supreme Court carefully considered the available evidence, the chronology of events, and the witness statements. The Court examined whether the accused’s actions qualified as murder under Section 300 IPC because they were motivated by premeditation to kill or whether they amounted to culpable homicide that did not qualify as murder under Section 304 IPC. The Court took note of the tense family dynamics and the prompt provocation brought on by the conflict over property and geographical limits. The Court took into consideration the potential for heat-of-the-moment acts because of the continuous hatred, even though the use of deadly weapons and the type of injuries inflicted, especially the knife and pickaxe wounds on the deceased, indicated intent to cause serious harm.

The Court stressed how crucial it is to determine purpose based on the context, especially in cases involving family conflicts, which may not contain the premeditation necessary for a murder conviction. In the end, the results showed that although the acts were severe and serious, they were spontaneous and without premeditated malice.

The Court determined that the offense qualified as culpable homicide under Section 304 IPC but not murder under Section 300 IPC. As a result, the accused’s conviction was changed, and the sentences were changed to reflect their reduced level of guilt. The ruling upheld the idea that intent and immediate circumstances are important factors in classifying homicides as criminal.